Created: August 7, 2009 Updated: September 26, 2009 DEFINITIONS RELATED TO THE SEMANTIC WEB -------------------- 4Store A certain triplestore. [GBL APPENDIX 12] A certain efficient, scalable, and stable RDF database software product by Garlik. REFERENCES: http://4store.org/ (8-7-09) http://cloudofdata.com/2009/07/garlik-releases-open-source-rdf-triple-store-claims-capacity-for-60-billion-triples/ (8-13-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.4store.org/ (8-13-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "I haven't been able to test Neo4J but have been trying 4Store and am impressed by its performance and memory requirements." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/3b99734f486a9000 (9-25-09) ---------- Abox In Computer Science, an ABox is an "assertion component"—a fact associated with a terminological vocabulary within a knowledge base. The terms ABox and TBox are used to describe two different types of statements in ontologies. TBox statements describe a system in terms of controlled vocabularies, for example, a set of classes and properties. ABox are TBox-compliant statements about that vocabulary. Tbox statements are sometimes associated with object-oriented classes and Abox statements associated with instances of those classes. Together ABox and TBox statements make up a knowledge base. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abox (8-9-09) AdaptiveBlue AdaptiveBlue is a New York-based startup, focused on utilizing semantic technologies to create a better web browsing experience. AdaptiveBlue's most notable product is called Glue, which is "a free browser plugin that helps you automatically find books, music, and movies through your friends as you browse popular sites." REFERENCES: http://getglue.com/about (9-26-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://getglue.com/about (9-26-09) http://getglue.com/ (9-26-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Try the Adaptive Blue Glue toolbar, which uses Semantic Web metadata to better link your actions and predict what you might want to do next." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 22) agent A piece of software that runs without direct human control or constant supervision to accomplish goals provided by a user. Agents typically collect, filter and process information found on the Web, sometimes with the help of other agents. Agents are pieces of software that work autonomously and proactively. Conceptually they evolved out of the concepts of object-oriented programming and component-based software development. REFERENCES: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web-glossary (8-7-09) "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 15) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Also in 1999, the Defense Departments of the United States and the European Union (EU) Commission independently opened research topics in the area of intelligent agents." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 14) (2) "Agents have been used in commercial service for several years, although they may not meet all the criteria mentioned above for intelligent, autonomous, distributed agents." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 207) AI = artificial intelligence EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Dorthy does the same but gets you there by making interesting use of Web 3.0 technologies like AI and natural language search." http://www.semanticuniverse.com/industry-news-dorthycom-semantic-search-engin-readwriteweb.html (8-22-09) (2) "We have used a sophisticated array of AI/Machine Learning systems in combination with statistical methods, background knowledge and expert defined rules engines, to create, entirely automatically, a structured database with high quality information." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-automatically-structuring-unstructured-corporate-websites-producing-company-search-engine.h (8-7-09) AJAX = asynchronous JavaScript and XML Ajax, sometimes written as AJAX (shorthand for asynchronous JavaScript and XML), is a group of interrelated web development techniques used on the client-side to create interactive web applications or rich Internet applications. With Ajax, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously in the background without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. The use of Ajax has led to an increase in interactive or dynamic interfaces on web pages and better quality of Web services due to the asynchronous mode. Data is usually retrieved using the XMLHttpRequest object. Despite the name, the use of JavaScript and XML is not actually required, nor do the requests need to be asynchronous. EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "As a component-based Web application framework, Wicket lets you build maintainable enterprise-grade web applications using the power of plain old Java objects (POJOs), HTML, Ajax, Spring, Hibernate and Maven." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/5dab074db3f3bf7f (8-15-09) (2) "Hi, I am currently evaluating Web application frameworks (yes all over again) for a project and was wondering if anybody on the list can recommend a web framework for an Ajax based Semantic Web project?" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/5dab074db3f3bf7f (8-11-09) REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) (8-15-09) (3) "Sure, some new programming languages have surfaced--like Ajax, Flash, Ruby on Rails, JSON, and a more liberal use of XML--as shown in Figure 5-1, but these have been incremental improve- ments upon the existing Web platform and haven't fundamentally changed the fact that the Web is driven by documents and pages." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 93) (4) "Ajax is also rated as high impact and capable of reaching maturity in less than two years. Ajax is a collection of techniques that Web developers use to deliver an enhanced, more-responsive user experience in the confines of a modern browser (for example, recent version of Internet Explorer, Firefox, Mozilla, Safari or Opera). A narrow-scope use of Ajax can have a limited impact in terms of making a difficult-to-use Web application somewhat less difficult." http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=495475 (8-27-09) anonymous node Then there are anonymous nodes, blank nodes, or bnodes. These terms are all synonymous. The words anonymous or blank are meant to indicate that these are nodes in a graph without a name, either because the author of the document doesn't know or doesn't want to or need to provide a name. In a sense, this is like saying “John is friends with someone, but I'm not telling who.” When we say these nodes are nameless, keep in mind two things. First, the real-world thing that the node denotes is not inherently nameless. John's friend, in the example, has a name, after all. Second, when we say nameless here, we are refering to the concept of naming things with URIs. Actual blank nodes in documents may be given “local” identifiers so that they may be referred to multiple times within a document. It is only that these local identifiers are explicitly not global, and have no meaning outside of the document in which they occur. If you're familiar with formal semantics, blank nodes can often be thought of as existentially bound variables. Here's one way literal values and anonymous nodes are used. One literal value in the example is "Joshua Tauberer", and the anonymous or blank node is _:anon123. If thing is nil, an anonymous node is created. REFERENCES: http://www.rdfabout.com/intro/?section=3 (8-16-09) http://wilbur-rdf.sourceforge.net/docs/rdf-data.html (8-16-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Are you already familiar with anonymous nodes in RDF?" http://groups.google.com/group/swma/browse_thread/thread/cd6d49c5ba7d6be8 (8-12-09) anti-pattern In software engineering, an anti-pattern (or antipattern) is a design pattern that may be commonly used but is ineffective and/or counterproductive in practice. The term was coined in 1995 by Andrew Koenig, inspired by Gang of Four's book Design Patterns, which developed the concept of design patterns in the software field. The term was widely popularized three years later by the book AntiPatterns, which extended the use of the term beyond the field of software design and into general social interaction. According to the authors of the latter, there must be at least two key elements present to formally distinguish an actual anti-pattern from a simple bad habit, bad practice, or bad idea: o Some repeated pattern of action, process or structure that initially appears to be beneficial, but ultimately produces more bad consequences than beneficial results, and o A refactored solution exists that is clearly documented, proven in actual practice and repeatable. Often pejoratively named with clever oxymoronic neologisms, many anti-pattern ideas amount to little more than mistakes, rants, unsolvable problems, or bad practices to be avoided if possible. Sometimes called pitfalls or dark patterns, this informal use of the term has come to refer to classes of commonly reinvented bad solutions to problems. Thus, many candidate anti-patterns under debate would not be formally considered anti-patterns. By formally describing repeated mistakes, one can recognize the forces that lead to their repetition and learn how others have refactored themselves out of these broken patterns. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-pattern (8-15-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Although the W3C does a phenomenal job of avoiding "groupthink" and anti-patterns (common patterns of incorrect solutions) in their specifications, the Semantic Web is often rightly criticized as accepting design trade-offs intended to appeal to small minorities." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 15) API = application programming interface In computer science, an application programming interface (API) is an interface that defines the ways by which an application program may request services from libraries and/or operating systems. An API determines the vocabulary and calling conventions the programmer should employ to use the services. It may include specifications for routines, data structures, object classes and protocols used to communicate between the requesting software and the library. When used in the context of web development, an API is typically a defined set of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request messages along with a definition of the structure of response messages, usually expressed in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format. While "Web API" is virtually a synonym for web service, the recent trend (so-called Web 2.0) has been away from Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) based services towards more direct Representational State Transfer (REST) style communications. Web APIs allow the combination of multiple services into new applications known as mashups. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface (8-12-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "For those of you working on Semantic Web development, which C# tools do you use for reasoning, parsing, etc.? The idea is to build a central repository of all C# APIs currently available." http://stackoverflow.com/questions/870417/rdf-owl-sparql-triple-stores-reasoners-and-other-semantic-web-apis-for-c (8-13-09) (2) "Freebase is an example of a data-as-a-service. It's primarily a repository of data, imported from wikipedia and community submissions, organized into a basic semantic structure (very "table" oriented), that is accessible via APIs." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/1c7831dfd3ec615d (8-15-09) (3) "The RDF Data API allows the creation and manipulation of RDF graphs." http://wilbur-rdf.sourceforge.net/docs/rdf-data.html (8-17-09) artificial intelligence = AI (1) as a science ... (2) as a phenomenon ... (3) either Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents," where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence (8-13-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "This book makes you think about thinking or at least the thinking process as it relates to instilling the Web with enough artificial intelligence (AI) to make it capable of thinking." http://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Web-Berners-Lee-G%C3%B6del-Turing/product-reviews/0471768146/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) (2) "As we have said, most of the technologies needed for the realization of the Semantic Web build upon work in the area of artificial intelligence." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 16) ---------- BBC = British Broadcasting Corporation OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ (8-12-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "TBL in the BBC" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/topics?start=30&sa=N (8-9-09) (2) "One of the first forays into the Semantic Web by the BBC was rolled out in order to provide direct access to the actual data backing BBC content and programs." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 352) (3) "Sites such as BBC Music and Myspace have been publishing structured web data enabling a wide range of innovative third party applications and mashups." http://juansequeda.blogspot.com/2009/08/semantic-web-panels-at-sxsw-2010.html (8-19-09) Berners-Lee Tim Berners-Lee is one of the top people associated with the semantic web. [GBL APPENDIX 3] A graduate of Oxford University, England, in 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing while at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory. He wrote the first web client and server in 1990. His specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined as Web technology spread. An English engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student staff at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet. REFERENCES: http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/ (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee (8-7-09) best practices Processes and activities that have been shown in practice to be the most effective. REFERENCES: http://www.csumb.edu/site/x7101.xml (9-26-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "This book is a broad and comprehensive look at the Semantic Web, but it isn't a deep treatise on how to code with RDF and OWL or how to apply best practices for ontology modeling." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 389) (2) "PHP Developer to work on Linux config, Apache config, MySQL tuning, tweaking, and to know PHP best practices for high-volume/high-performance/high-availability web environments." --job description for a PHP programmer, per e-mail from a recruiter (9-17-09) BI = business intelligence Business intelligence (BI) refers to skills, technologies, applications and practices used to help a business acquire a better understanding of its commercial context. Business intelligence may also refer to the collected information itself. BI technologies provide historical, current, and predictive views of business operations. Common functions of business intelligence technologies are reporting, OLAP, analytics, data mining, business performance management, benchmarking, text mining, and predictive analytics. Business intelligence often aims to support better business decision-making. Thus a BI system can be called a decision support system (DSS). REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_intelligence (8-22-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "For those who are serious about professional data modeling for Data Warehouse, BI, etc., here is the upcoming training opportunity in D.C.:" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) (2) "What is the role of Semantic Web in the space of EIM (enterprise information management), BI and Data Warehouse, etc. if we say that Semantic Web is all about Web of data for Web services?" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) Bing Bing (formerly Live Search, Windows Live Search, MSN Search) is the current web search engine (advertised as a "decision engine") from Microsoft. Unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28, 2009 at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego, Bing is a replacement for Live Search. It went fully online on June 3, 2009, with a preview version released on June 1, 2009. In its first few weeks Bing was successful in gaining some market share. Notable changes include the listing of search suggestions in real time as queries are entered and a list of related searches (called "Explorer pane" on the left side of search results) based on semantic technology from Powerset, which Microsoft purchased in 2008. Bing also includes the ability to Save & Share search histories via Windows Live SkyDrive, Facebook and email. OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.bing.com/ EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Yahoo vs. WolframAlpha vs. Bing? - Vator.tv" http://semanticuniverse.com/learning.html (8-17-09) blade A single server module, such as those used multiply in blade servers. REFERENCES: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/blade+server (8-24-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The workaround for the complexity problem has been to expand the capacity of datacenters by adding more blades, memory, storage, and layers of software to manage smaller slices of data." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-semantic-universe-article-actualizing-future-web-knowledge-distribution.html (8-23-09) (2) "Servers have transformed into blades, and power supplies, network interfaces and storage are shared across many blades, which contain just the basic CPU and memory." http://www.nemertes.com/are_ram_blades_in_your_future (8-24-09) blog A blog (a contraction of the term "weblog") is a type of website, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (artlog), photographs (photoblog), sketches (sketchblog), videos (vlog), music (MP3 blog), and audio (podcasting). Micro-blogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog (8-26-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Internal usage of wikis, blogs, RSS, etc, at EDF" http://www.w3.org/2009/Talks/05-Oz-IntroSW-IH/Slides.pdf (8-25-09) ---------- Calais A Semantic Web service from Thomson Reuters. Calais is a web service and open API that allows web publishers to automatically scan content and pull out semantic metadata. In other words, the services built on the Calais API can semantically mark up content automatically. OpenCalais is a free version of Calais. Reuter's Calais is a Web API that automatically generates metadata for news articles by analyzing news stories and automatically extracting important information about what the article is about (it uses RDF). The current version is intended to work with business and economics news, and therefore identifies a rather small set of terms. When Calais analyzes text, it identifies entities, events and facts. An entity is a thing that falls into one of the following categories: o City o Company o Continent o Country o IndustryTerm o MoneyAmount o Organization o Person o ProvinceOrState o Region o URL The events and facts that Calais looks for are: o Acquisition o Alliance o Bankruptcy o BusinessRelation o Buybacks o CompanyEarningsAnnouncement o CompanyEarningsGuidance o CompanyInvestment o CompanyLegalIssues o JointVenture o ManagementChange o Merger o PersonPolitical o PersonPoliticalPast o PersonProfessional o PersonProfessionalPast o StockSplit REFERENCES: http://www.sitepoint.com/blogs/2008/09/24/calais-semantic-web-service-adds-professional-version/ (8-7-09) http://choate.info/2008/02/13/Reuterscalaissemanticwebapi/ (8-7-09) http://venturebeat.com/2008/09/24/thomson-reuters-calais-goes-commercial-offering-a-starting-point-for-semantic-web-startups/ (8-7-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.opencalais.com/ (8-13-09) case study Case studies include descriptions of systems that have been deployed within an organization, and are now being used within a production environment. Use cases include examples where an organization has built a prototype system, but it is not currently being used by business functions. REFERENCES: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/ (9-25-09) CCK RDF = Content Construction Kit Resource Description Framework Drupal semantics. The RDF CCK module allows site administrators to map each content type, node title, node body and CCK field to an RDF term (class or property). REFERENCES: http://drupal.org/project/rdfcck (8-9-09) CDM = Conceptual Data Modeling EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Physical data models are about databases/datastores/physical designs, but not CDMs and LDMs." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) CIO = chief information officer REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 43) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "This chapter is a comprehensive examination of top business and chief information officer (CIO) issues with a focus on how the Semantic Web can help." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 43) (2) "Business analysts, CEOs, CIOs, Computer Programmers, poets and painters- anyone and everyone with an interest in web-related development should read this book." http://www.amazon.com/Explorers-Guide-Semantic-Thomas-Passin/product-reviews/1932394206/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) Clojure A new Lisp-like language for the Java Virtual Machine. Clojure is a dialect of the Lisp programming language. It is a general-purpose language sporting interactive development, and it encourages a functional programming style that enables simplified multithreaded programming. Clojure runs on the Java Virtual Machine. Clojure honors the code-as-data philosophy and has a sophisticated Lisp macro system. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clojure (8-9-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://clojure.org/ (8-13-09) cloud computing A style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure in the "cloud" that supports them. The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet is depicted in computer network diagrams and is an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals. Cloud computing is offered by a number of vendors. [GBL APPENDIX 5] REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Instead of software services becoming simply about behavior and programming interfaces, the Web 3.0 and Semantic Web movement are enabling the publication and consumption of the data and data models as services inside cloud computing systems (software applications that are hosted entirely via Web protocols and services)." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 30) (2) "Conventional datacenters, cloud computing, and the semantic grids represent viable solutions for the glut of data and information that must be transported throughout the Internet infrastructure/grid, but these technologies fail to meet all the requirements of the Knowledge Web." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-semantic-universe-article-actualizing-future-web-knowledge-distribution.html (8-23-09) (3) "Now, with the rise of the Cloud Computing meme, and the increasing buzz around Master Data Management (MDM), the opportunity for better data semantics in business couldn’t be better." http://semanticuniverse.com/blogs-high-semantics-down-economy.html (8-24-09) CMS = Content Management System conceptual data model A conceptual schema or conceptual data model is a map of concepts and their relationships. This describes the semantics of an organization and represents a series of assertions about its nature. Specifically, it describes the things of significance to an organization (entity classes), about which it is inclined to collect information, and characteristics of (attributes) and associations between pairs of those things of significance (relationships). REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_data_model (8-26-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Conceptual Data Models are sometimes considered to be Semantic Models as they are expressed in business terminology and demonstrate how key business objects relate to each other, independent of technology or application." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-data-rationalization-next-step-semantic-resolution.html (8-25-09) content management system = CMS A content management system (CMS) such as a document management system (DMS) is a computer application used to manage work flow needed to collaboratively create, edit, review, index, search, publish and archive various kinds of digital media and electronic text. CMSs are frequently used for storing, controlling, versioning, and publishing industry-specific documentation such as news articles, operators' manuals, technical manuals, sales guides, and marketing brochures. The content managed may include computer files, image media, audio files, video files, electronic documents, and Web content. These concepts represent integrated and interdependent layers. There are various nomenclatures known in this area: Web Content Management, Digital Asset Management, Digital Records Management, Electronic Content Management and so on. The bottom line for these systems is managing content and publishing, with a workflow if required. There are six main categories of CMS, with their respective domains of use: o Enterprise CMS (ECMS) o Web CMS (WCMS) o Document management system (DMS) o Mobile CMS o Component CMS o Media content management system REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management_system (8-11-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The net effect is that TopBraid is flexible enough to be used as a content management system and wiki." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 363) Cool URI A cool URI is a URI that does not change, which is a foundation requirement for the Semantic Web. REFERENCES: http://agtivity.com/def/cool_uri.htm (8-28-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Cool URIs for the Semantic Web http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/bf17724cfda8502d/3f69bec722009bf3#3f69bec722009bf3 (8-28-09) (2) "Controlled Structured Vocabularies Controlled Vocabulary Cool URI Corpora Curating Approaches" http://agtivity.com/def/cool_uri.htm (8-28-09) CRM = Customer relationship management REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_management (8-12-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "the Boston Product Managers Association in Waltham is looking for a panel member to discuss Semantic technologies in context of using them for product innovation and CRM." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/de25c14cc2731291 (8-12-09) (2) "The technology can connect information in CRM databases with consumer e-mails and help desk reports to provide a more complete view of the customer." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-using-semantic-web-standards-improved-text-mining.html (8-23-09) CTO (1) Chief Technology Officer (2) Chief Technical Officer REFERENCES: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/CTO (8-25-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Featuring: Seth Grimes, Global Industry Analyst & founding chairman of the Text Analytics Summit and Jean-Michel Texier, CTO Nstein & global digital systems strategist." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/6eb9e4273df0a4bc# (8-25-09) Cyc A knowledge-representation project in which a tree of definitions attempts to express real-world facts in a machine-readable fashion. (Now a trademark of Cycorp Inc.) An artificial intelligence project that attempts to assemble a comprehensive ontology and knowledge base of everyday common sense knowledge, with the goal of enabling AI applications to perform human-like reasoning. The project was started in 1984 by Douglas Lenat and is developed by company Cycorp. Parts of the project are released as OpenCyc, which provides an API, RDF endpoint, and data dump under an open source license. REFERENCES: http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Weaving/glossary.html (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyc (8-12-09) ---------- DAML = DARPA Agent Markup Language An agent markup language based on RDF. [GBL APPENDIX 1] This language was then followed by an extension entitled DAML+OIL which included researchers outside of the DARPA program in the design. The 2002 submission of the DAML+OIL language to the World Wide Web consortium captures the work done by DAML contractors and the EU/U.S. ad hoc Joint Committee on Markup Languages. This submission was the starting point for the language (later called OWL) to be developed by W3C's web ontology working group, WebOnt. DAML+OIL was a syntax, layered on RDF and XML, that could be used to describe sets of facts making up an ontology. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Agent_Markup_Language (8-7-09) DAML-S = DARPA agent markup language for services A semantic markup language for describing web services and related ontologies. DAML-S is built on top of DAML+OIL. DAML-S has been superseded by OWL-S. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAML-S (8-7-09) Datalog A query and rule language for deductive databases that syntactically is a subset of Prolog. Its origins date back to the beginning of logic programming, but it became prominent as a separate area around 1978 when Hervé Gallaire and Jack Minker organized a workshop on logic and databases. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datalog (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Well, as you've seen, N3 looks nothing like XML. This is my favorite, along with Datalog (depending on what I'm doing)." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/858ef3d0f6b4c439 (8-18-09) data model A data model in software engineering is an abstract model that describes how data is represented and accessed. Data models formally define data elements and relationships among data elements for a domain of interest. Data model explicitly determines the meaning of data, which in this case is known as structured data (as opposed to unstructured data, for example an image, a binary file or a natural language text, where the meaning has to be elaborated). Typical applications of data models include database models, design of information systems, and enabling exchange of data. Usually data models are specified in a data modeling language.[2]. A data model can be sometimes referred to as a data structure, especially in the context of programming languages. Data models are often complemented by function models, especially in the context of enterprise models. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model (8-22-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Although often called a "language" (and we commit this sin ourselves in this book), RDF (Resource Description Framework) is essentially a data model." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 66) (2) "First of all, XML and its schema language, XSD, are not true data models." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 110) dataset = data set A collection of data, usually presented in tabular form. Each column represents a particular variable. Each row corresponds to a given member of the data set in question. It lists values for each of the variables, such as height and weight of an object or values of random numbers. Each value is known as a datum. The data set may comprise data for one or more members, corresponding to the number of rows. Some examples of datasets are: o Wikipedia database dumps o 2000 Movie Reviews (polarity dataset) o UPC Database REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set (8-7-09) http://www.semanticfocus.com/blog/entry/title/the-value-of-current-datasets-in-the-semantic-web/ (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "It will address the specific modeling benefits of the Semantic Web, RDF, and OWL in terms of understanding how to derive data sets locked in enterprise information systems, and reuse them for Semantic Web services." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-19-09) (2) "The fourth release of Calais goes beyond the ability to extract semantic data from your content to link that extracted semantic data to datasets from dozens of other information sources such as Wikipedia, Freebase, and the CIA World Fact Book." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, pp. 388-389) data warehouse Data warehouse is a repository of an organization's electronically stored data. Data warehouses are designed to facilitate reporting and analysis. This definition of the data warehouse focuses on data storage. However, the means to retrieve and analyze data, to extract, transform and load data, and to manage the data dictionary are also considered essential components of a data warehousing system. Many references to data warehousing use this broader context. Thus, an expanded definition for data warehousing includes business intelligence tools, tools to extract, transform, and load data into the repository, and tools to manage and retrieve metadata. In contrast to data warehouses are operational databases that support day-to-day transaction processing. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse (8-19-09) DBpedia (1) as a dataset A dataset containing extracted data from Wikipedia; it contains about 2.18 million concepts described by 218 million triples, including abstracts in 11 different languages. (2) as a project A community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and to make this information available on the Web. DBpedia allows users to ask expressive queries against Wikipedia and to interlink other datasets on the Web with DBpedia data. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_Data (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpedia (8-7-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://wiki.dbpedia.org/About (8-12-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "As with the interesting work that DBpedia is doing to extract machine-understandable meaning from the pages of Wikipedia, presentation and usability sometimes takes a back seat to technological pushing of boundaries." http://blogs.zdnet.com/semantic-web/?p=112 (8-29-09) (2) "Another issue you have with doing string matching is that you still need to do disambiguation (e.g. who exactly is meant when you see string "Clinton"?) if you need link to stuff like DBPedia." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/f7375630c3463578 (9-25-09) DC = dc = Dublin Core EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Look at the properties/predicates, for instance, in the Dublin Core. There is virtually nothing defined about "dc.creator" that gives any clue as to its semantics. For example, look at the question "Was Obama an author of the Bill of Rights?" (or pick your favorite old document). One should be able to answer "no" based on knowledge about creators having to exist prior to, or at, the time of the thing created -- something that would be possible if dc.creator were tied into a more general Cyc concept for which such info exists -- but can't be based on what's in the DC ontology." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/2019f537455a8b4c (8-10-09) delegated query Delegated query is a query made on behalf of some other agent. REFERENCES: http://semweb.meetup.com/32/messages/boards/thread/7274284 (8-13-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Challenge: For delegated query, how to describe the sort of query a service or document can answer" http://www.w3.org/2006/Talks/0718-aaai-tbl/Overview.html#(12) (8-13-09) delicious = del.icio.us Delicious (formerly del.icio.us, pronounced "delicious") is a social bookmarking web service for storing, sharing, and discovering web bookmarks. The site was founded by Joshua Schachter in 2003 and acquired by Yahoo! in 2005. It has more than five million users and 150 million bookmarked URLs. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicious_(website) (8-28-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://delicious.com/ (8-28-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Some people think that machine intelligence will emerge in an organic fashion, as an outgrowth of communities of intelligent people putting data on the Web (such as with Web 2.0 applications like del.icio.us, Flickr, and Digg) and Semantic Web applications that extract meaning and order from that same data to automate the way people interact with it." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, pp. 31) (2) "Social bookmarking services such as StumbleUpon, Del.icio.us, Diigo, etc. have proved to be a relatively successful Web 2.0 application." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-search-tags-lost-combining-social-bookmarking-and-semweb-technologies.html (8-27-09) DERI = Digital Enterprise Research Institute DERI International is the collection of bi-lateral agreements between like minded institutes working on the Semantic Web and Web Science. The original goals of DERI International of forming an international independent organisation evolved into STI run out of Vienna, Austria. STI is an initiative of the European Semantic Systems Initiative (ESSI), the European FP6 Project Knowledge Web and DERI International. REFERENCES: http://www.deri.org/ (8-23-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.deri.org/ (8-23-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The folks at the DERI institute have just released Sig.ma, a visual browser and mashup generator that will go all over the web of data and find dozens of sources to combine together when answering a user query." http://tech.slashdot.org/story/09/07/26/2211222/The-Web-of-Data-Beyond-What-Google-and-Yahoo-Show (8-22-09) (2) "DERI-Galway will take care and do all the work with assistance of DERI-Innsbruck on common parts/technologies in intersection-of(CS1, union-of(CS2, CS3))" http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:WbocAL6dkH8J:sw-portal.deri.org/papers/presentations/CaseStudies.ppt+%22semantic+web%22+%22use+case%22+%22case+study%22&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us (8-23-09) description logic = DL The mathematical theory (stemming from knowledge representation) that is at the basis of some of the technologies defined on the Semantic Web: OWL-DL and OWL-Lite. REFERENCES: http://www.w3.org/RDF/FAQ (8-8-09) DL = description logic DLP = description logic programs DLP is the intersection of OWL and Horn logic, and serves as a common foundation. REFERENCES: "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 20) "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 267) dog food To say that a company "eats its own dog food" means that it uses the products that it makes. For example, Microsoft emphasizes the use of its own software products inside the company. "Dogfooding" is a means of conveying the company's confidence in its own products. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_one%27s_own_dog_food (8-28-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "For starters, let's see some tapping of its own wares, and eating of its own dog food, toward addressing the clear need for dynamic cross-community information sharing and use." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/bf17724cfda8502d/f6ca82b8e4e4c590#f6ca82b8e4e4c590 (8-28-09) (2) "Welcome to the Semantic Web Conference Corpus - a.k.a. the Semantic Web Dog Food Corpus!" http://data.semanticweb.org/ (8-28-09) Drupal A certain open source WCMS product. [GBL APPENDIX 13] A free software package that allows an individual or a community of users to easily publish, manage and organize a wide variety of content on a website. Tens of thousands of people and organizations are using Drupal to power scores of different web sites, including community web portals, discussion sites, corporate web sites, intranet applications, personal web sites or blogs, aficionado sites, e-commerce applications, resource directories, social networking sites. Drupal is open-source software distributed under the GPL ("GNU General Public License") and is maintained and developed by a community of thousands of users and developers. Drupal (pronounced /'dru?pal/) is a free & open source Content Management System (CMS) written in PHP. It is used as a back-end system for many different types of websites, ranging from small personal blogs to large corporate and political sites. The standard release of Drupal, known as Drupal core, contains basic features common to most CMSs. These include the ability to register and maintain individual user accounts, administration menus, RSS-feeds, customizable layout, flexible account privileges, logging, a blogging system, an Internet forum, and options to create a classic brochureware website or an interactive community website. Drupal was also designed to allow new features and custom behavior to be added by third parties. For this reason, Drupal is sometimes described as a content management framework. Although Drupal offers a sophisticated programming interface for developers, no programming skills are required for basic website installation and administration. Drupal has hundreds of modules, so many that there are sites and lists that rank them by popularity. [GBL APPENDIX 8] REFERENCES: http://drupal.org/about (8-8-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupal (8-8-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_content_management_system (8-13-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://drupal.org/ (8-13-09) DSS = Decision Support System Decision support systems constitute a class of computer-based information systems including knowledge-based systems that support decision-making activities. Decision Support Systems (DSS) are a specific class of computerized information systems (But not limited to computerised system only) that supports business and organizational decision-making activities. A properly-designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from raw data, documents, personal knowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions. Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present would be: o an inventory of all of your current information assets (including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts), o comparative sales figures between one week and the next, o projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions; REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system (8-24-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Semantic Decision Support System (DSS) and Portal for Palm Oil Industry - 01/14/09" http://semanticuniverse.com/semanticuniverse-all-articles.html (8-23-09) DTD = Document Type Definition Document Type Definition (DTD) is one of several SGML and XML schema languages, and is also the term used to describe a document or portion thereof that is authored in the DTD language. A DTD is primarily used for the expression of a schema via a set of declarations that conform to a particular markup syntax and that describe a class, or type, of document, in terms of constraints on the structure of that document. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Type_Definition (8-12-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The book offers a gentle introduction to Semantic Web concepts, including XML, DTDs, and XML schemas, RDF and RDFS, OWL, logic, and inference." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. xvii) (2) "It is a fairly rigid document type definition (DTD) of SGML that greatly simplifies the language." http://www.warren.info/dr/?q=node/13 (8-24-09) Dublin Core = DC = dc A set of basic metadata properties (such as title, etc.) for classifying Web resources. The Dublin Core metadata element set is a standard for cross-domain information resource description. It defines conventions for describing things online in ways that make them easy to find. Dublin Core is widely used to describe digital materials such as video, sound, image, text, and composite media like web pages. Implementations of Dublin Core typically make use of XML and are Resource Description Framework based. The Dublin Core standard includes two levels: Simple and Qualified. Simple Dublin Core comprises fifteen elements; Qualified Dublin Core includes three additional elements (Audience, Provenance and RightsHolder), as well as a group of element refinements (also called qualifiers) that refine the semantics of the elements in ways that may be useful in resource discovery. The Simple Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) consists of 15 metadata elements: 1.Title 2.Creator 3.Subject 4.Description 5.Publisher 6.Contributor 7.Date 8.Type 9.Format 10.Identifier 11.Source 12.Language 13.Relation 14.Coverage 15.Rights Each Dublin Core element is optional and may be repeated. The DCMI has established standard ways to refine elements and encourage the use of encoding and vocabulary schemes. There is no prescribed order in Dublin Core for presenting or using the elements. REFERENCES: http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Weaving/glossary.html (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Core (8-8-09) DW = Data Warehouse EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "That includes BI/DW models, database models, business models, conceptual models, etc." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-19-09) ---------- EER ... EIM = Enterprise Information Management Enterprise Information Management is a particular field of interest in the Information Technology and Management Consultancy area. It specializes in finding solutions for optimal use of information within organizations, for instance to support decision-making processes or day-to-day operations that require the availability of knowledge. It tries to overcome traditional IT-related barriers to managing information on an enterprise level. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_information_management (8-23-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "What is the role of Semantic Web in the space of EIM (enterprise information management), BI and Data Warehouse, etc. if we say that Semantic Web is all about Web of data for Web services?" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) Eli Lilly ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Eli Lilly: Targeted drug assessment" "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, pp. 291) (2) "One of the remarks I liked was on search: in his view (and I think I agree with that) Semantic Technologies may not be really interesting for general search (where the statistical, i.e., brute force methods work well) but for specialized, area-specific search tools (things like GoPubMed or applications deployed at, eg, Eli Lilly or experimented with at Elsevier come to my mind as good examples)." http://ivan-herman.name/2009/06/19/semtech2009-impression/ (8-25-09) Elmo A Java library for Semantic Web applications. Elmo allows developers to create applications that work with RDF/OWL knowledgebases at the level of ontologies instead of working with RDF triples. REFERENCES: http://www.openrdf.org/doc/elmo/1.5/ (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The technological engine includes RDF, OWL, Sesame, Elmo, and other open source applications and standards." http://www.amazon.com/Social-Networks-Semantic-Web-Beyond/product-reviews/0387710000/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) ERD = entity-relationship diagram An entity-relationship diagram is a data modeling technique that creates a graphical representation of the entities, and the relationships between entities, within an information system. REFERENCES: http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid11_gci333128,00.html (8-24-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The issue with trying to describe the problem in terms of notation/technique (UML, ERDs, Flowcharts, etc) is that sometimes people get keyed up in the "what's the best notation" realm instead of "what's the best way to model" discussion." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) evoc = external vocabulary An RDF external vocabulary importer module in Drupal. Being able to reuse RDF vocabularies across sites is one of the key elements for the semantic web to take off. The RDF external vocabulary importer module (evoc) will cache any external RDF vocabulary in Drupal, and expose its classes and properties to other modules. RDFCCK relies on evoc to offer classes and properties to be mapped to CCK fields, node title and body. This module requires the RDF and the SPARQL modules. REFERENCES: http://www.lullabot.com/drupal-voices/drupal-voices-18-st%C3%A9phane-corlosquet-semantic-web-drupal (8-9-09) http://drupal.org/project/evoc (8-9-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "If I add all these semantic web contributed modules (RDF, CCK RDF, EVOC, SPARQL, Relations), is it anyway to make it useful?" http://groups.drupal.org/node/18949 (8-9-09) EXIF = Exchangeable image file format A specification for the image file format used by digital cameras. The specification uses the existing JPEG, TIFF Rev. 6.0, and RIFF WAV file formats, with the addition of specific metadata tags. It is not supported in JPEG 2000, PNG, or GIF. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format (8-9-09) ---------- Facebook ... OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.facebook.com/ (9-17-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Mr Berners-Lee said that in the same way, the "current craze" for social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace would eventually be superseded by networks that connected all types of things — not just people — thanks to a ground-breaking technology known as the "semantic web"." http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article3532832.ece (8-29-09) federated Geographically distributed. EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Some may say that because the Semantic Web is based on Web standards like the URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) it is inherently federated, or geographically distributed." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 105) (2) "The real theme I kept hearing was: data federation, data federation, data federation." http://www.mkbergman.com/494/must-see-semweb/ (8-25-09) Fedora Commons The new Fedora Commons non-profit organization has on over-arching goal of providing key technologies in open source to enable the building of information systems built toprovide access to “durable, enduring, and re-usable” digital content. The goal is to achieve this bycreating open source solutions that straddle both the enterprise system and Web paradigms. REFERENCES: http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:sjnOMl9odygJ:rit.mellon.org/retreat/2008-mellon-rit-sc-retreat/project-descriptions/RIT-Fedora-Commons-report.pdf+%22Fedora+Commons%22&cd=14&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us (8-17-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://fedora-commons.org/ (8-15-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "If you haven't seen Fedora before, it's basically a server that stores "digital objects" as binary blobs with a Mulgara triple store for metadata." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/885c1576f638d47f (8-19-09) Flickr Flickr is an image and video hosting website, web services suite, and online community platform. In addition to being a popular website for users to share personal photographs, the service is widely used by bloggers as a photo repository. As of June 2009, it claims to host more than 3.6 billion images, up from 3 billion in November 2008. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flikr (8-23-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.flickr.com/ (8-23-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Understandably, the corresponding hype about this new phenomenon has produced inflated expectations for Web 2.0 businesses that result in high-profile, high-value acquisitions of iconic Web 2.0 companies like YouTube, Flickr, and MySpace." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, pp. 27-28) (2) "I am (of course…) present on a number of online accounts and services, like: facebook (acc. name ivan.herman), LinkedIn (acc. number 2352277), Dopplr (acc. name IvanHerman), TripIt (acc. name ivan_herman), Twitter (acc. name ivan_herman), Flickr (acc. ivan_herman)." http://www.w3.org/People/Ivan/# (8-25-09) F-logic = frame logic A knowledge representation- and ontology language. It accounts in a declarative fashion for structural aspects of object-oriented and frame-based languages. Features include, among others, object identity, complex objects, inheritance, polymorphism, query methods, encapsulation. F-logic stands in the same relationship to object-oriented programming as classical predicate calculus stands to relational database programming. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-logic (8-7-09) FOAF = Friend of a Friend A project that is creating a Web of machine-readable pages describing people, the links between them and the things they create and do; it is a contribution to the linked information system known as the Web. FOAF defines an open, decentralized technology for connecting social Web sites, and the people they describe. REFERENCES: http://www.foaf-project.org/ (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOAF (8-7-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.foaf-project.org/ (8-29-09) PRONUNCIATION Rhymes with "loaf". http://www.lifewithalacrity.com/2004/02/handcrafting_my.html (9-25-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The Semantic Web can enable social network data portability with a format called FOAF (Friend of a Friend). The FOAF format is already widely used by millions of people, and some social networks already allow import and export of FOAF data so that their users can keep and reuse all that data that they upload to the services." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 31) (2) "For starters, we plan to support vocabulary components from Dublin Core, Creative Commons, FOAF, GeoRSS, MediaRSS, and others based on feedback." http://www.ysearchblog.com/2008/03/13/the-yahoo-search-open-ecosystem/ (8-29-09) FOL = first-order logic A formal logic used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. It goes by many names, including: first-order predicate calculus, the lower predicate calculus, and predicate logic. First-order logic is distinguished from propositional logic by its use of quantifiers; each interpretation of first-order logic includes a domain of discourse over which the quantifiers range. There exist also second-order logic (SOL) and higher-order logics. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic (8-8-09) folksonomy A system of classification derived from the practice and method of collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content; this practice is also known as collaborative tagging, social classification, social indexing, and social tagging. The word folksonomy is a portmanteau of folk and taxonomy. An important aspect of a folksonomy is that is comprised of terms in a flat namespace: that is, there is no hierarchy, and no directly specified parent-?child or sibling relationships between these terms. There are, however, automatically generated “related” tags, which cluster tags based on common URLs. This is unlike formal taxonomies and classification schemes where there are multiple kind of explicit relationships between terms. These relationships include things like broader, narrower, as well as related terms. These folksonomies are simply the set of terms that a group of users tagged content with, they are not a predetermined set of classification terms or labels. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksonomy (8-8-09) http://www.adammathes.com/academic/computer-mediated-communication/folksonomies.html (8-8-09) forge A software forge is a collaboration platform allowing collaborative software development over the Internet. A forge platform aggregates a set of applications with integrated Web interfaces, and generally hosts multiple independent projects. Software developers who are registered as contributors to the hosted projects can then use the various project management tools, and software development tools. Software forges have become popular and have proved successful in allowing development of a large number of free software projects in recent years. The term forge refers to a common prefix or suffix adopted by the various software development management systems created after the example of the SourceForge platform. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge_(software) (8-13-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "For further information, please visit the forge or the development mailing list." http://neologism.deri.ie/ (8-13-09) framework DEFINITION (1): as a type of software Programming frameworks go beyond the basic language features to pre- implement additional features that developers can use to further simplify the construction of complex software applications. Most of the major software providers have implemented their own frame- works, some of which are resold and some of which are freely accessible via open-source arrangements. IBM uses the Eclipse Model Framework (EMF), which is the underlying programming model for any Eclipse-based project. Developers can use the EMF core (ECore) objects in their own applications to take advantage of prebuilt features that are avail- able only to programs that use the ECore model. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 129) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Semantic Web Service frameworks: o WSMF o OWL-S o QuASAR. o WSMO o IRS-III o METEOR-S o HALEY o BioMOBY (Bioinformatics)" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web_Services (8-11-09) (2) "Hi, I am currently evaluating Web application frameworks (yes all over again) for a project and was wondering if anybody on the list can recommend a web framework for an Ajax based Semantic Web project?" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/5dab074db3f3bf7f (8-11-09) (3) "Sesame is an open source framework for storage, inferencing and querying of RDF data." http://www.openrdf.org/ (8-12-09) (4) "Drupal was also designed to allow new features and custom behavior to be added by third parties. For this reason, Drupal is sometimes described as a content management framework." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupal (8-12-09) (5) "Apache Hadoop is a Java software framework that supports data intensive distributed applications, free licensed." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadoop (8-12-09) (6) "Jena is a Java framework for building Semantic Web applications. It provides a programmatic environment for RDF, RDFS and OWL, SPARQL and includes a rule-based inference engine." http://jena.sourceforge.net/ (8-12-09) (7) "The Sesame project and Hewlett Packard's Jena software are popular frameworks that employ this approach." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 301) DEFINITION (2): as the general English meaning ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Unfortunately, there is no mathematical consistency across object-oriented languages, so it's not possible to create a general-purpose declarative data modeling framework." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 104) (2) "RDF has a model framework based on the idea of a triple." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 154) (3) "Even if you wanted to think narrowly about the Semantic Web as a "catalog framework," you would have to conclude that it was the most powerful catalog framework ever conceived." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 371) Freebase A huge collection of facts, built by users everywhere. Freebase connects facts in ways other sites can't, giving users new ways to explore millions of subjects. REFERENCES: http://www.freebase.com/view/en/semantic_web (8-8-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "When I first encountered RDF years ago, I wrote it off. It seemed unlikely that it would get much use. But the recent arrival of collections of so-called 'semantic' data via organizations like Freebase, has made me rethink that position." http://www.amazon.com/Programming-Semantic-Web-Toby-Segaran/product-reviews/0596153813/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (2) "I think open licensing (of Freebase or Wikipedia) doesn't make data entirely free (like in freedom) - it's ownership and control distribution that does." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/1c7831dfd3ec615d (8-11-09) (3) "The fourth release of Calais goes beyond the ability to extract semantic data from your content to link that extracted semantic data to datasets from dozens of other information sources such as Wikipedia, Freebase, and the CIA World Fact Book." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, pp. 388-389) ---------- Garlik A very successful startup using Semantic Web data aimed at protecting the privacy of its customers and preventing identity theft. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 18) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.garlik.com/ (8-13-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Garlik's 4Store...has anyone used it?" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/68473eca70203d52 (8-19-09) Gartner = Gartner, Inc. ... OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.gartner.com/technology/home.jsp (8-27-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The Gartner Hype Cycle" "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 91) (2) "Our solution goes in line with Gartner’s idea to ‘use pre-defined vocabularies or ontologies during the course of scanning a document to automatically generate semantic information about the document‘, which ‘can automatically be tagged to a document, presented to a human for review before tagging, or generated again when the need arises.’" http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-search-tags-lost-combining-social-bookmarking-and-semweb-technologies.html (8-27-09) GIG = Global Information Grid The Global Information Grid (GIG) is an all-encompassing communications project of the United States Department of Defense. It is defined as a "globally interconnected, end-to-end set of information capabilities for collecting, processing, storing, disseminating, and managing information on demand to warfighters, policy makers, and support personnel." The GIG includes owned and leased communications and computing systems and services, software (including applications), data, security services, other associated services, and National Security Systems. Non-GIG IT includes stand-alone, self contained, or embedded IT that is not, and will not be, connected to the enterprise network. The GIG is managed by a construct known as NetOps. NetOps is defined as the operational framework consisting of three essential tasks, Situational Awareness (SA), and Command & Control (C2) that the Commander (CDR) of US Strategic Command (US STRATCOM), in coordination with DoD and Global NetOps Community, employs to operate and defend the GIG to ensure information superiority. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Information_Grid (8-25-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The DoD Global Information Grid (GIG) provides a bandwidth efficient means to share data across an enterprise." http://www.dodsbir.net/solicitation/sbir092/osd092.htm (8-23-09) (2) "Imagine a battlefield situation where a single application running on a laptop in a tent needs to be capable of running effectively with no network access, yet automatically connect to and use data from other nearby command centers (tanks, planes, boats) as well as data coming all the way from Washington, D.C., via a Global Information Grid (GIG)." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 313) (3) "DoD Instruction (DoDI) 8410.02 defines NetOps as the DoD-wide operational, organizational, and technical capabilities for operating and defending the GIG." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetOps (8-28-09) governance = data governance Data governance is an emerging discipline with an evolving definition. The discipline embodies a convergence of data quality, data management, business process management, and risk management surrounding the handling of data in an organization. Through data governance, organizations are looking to exercise positive control over the processes and methods used by their data stewards to handle data. Data governance is a set of processes that ensures that important data assets are formally managed throughout the enterprise. Data governance ensures that data can be trusted and that people can be made accountable for any adverse event that happens because of poor data quality. It is about putting people in charge of fixing and preventing issues with data so that the enterprise can become more efficient. Data governance also describes an evolutionary process for a company, altering the company’s way of thinking and setting up the processes to handle information so that it may be utilized by the entire organization. It’s about using technology when necessary in many forms to help aid the process. When companies desire, or are required, to gain control of their data, they empower their people, set up processes and get help from technology to do it. There are some commonly cited vendor definitions for data governance. Data governance is a quality control discipline for assessing, managing, using, improving, monitoring, maintaining, and protecting organizational information. It is a system of decision rights and accountabilities for information-related processes, executed according to agreed-upon models which describe who can take what actions with what information, and when, under what circumstances, using what methods. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_governance (8-25-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Governance is one of the most catchy, overused, and ill-defined buzz words in enterprise software." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 280) (2) "Semantic SOA Governance: Enabling Data Discovery, Reuse, and Interoperability - 06/04/09" http://semanticuniverse.com/semanticuniverse-all-articles.html (8-23-09) (3) "Someone asked me recently whether or not there some type of tangible relationship between Semantic Integration and governance - it was an excellent question and the answer is a resounding "Yes."" http://semanticuniverse.com/blogs-semantics-governance.html (8-26-09) GRDDL = Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages GRDDL (pronounced 'griddle') is a markup format for Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages. It is a W3C Recommendation, and enables users to obtain RDF triples out of XML documents, including XHTML. The GRDDL specification shows examples using XSLT, however it was intended to be abstract enough to allow for other implementations as well. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRDDL (8-8-09) grid computing Grid computing (or the use of computational grids) is the combination of computer resources from multiple administrative domains applied to a common task, usually to a scientific, technical or business problem that requires a great number of computer processing cycles or the need to process large amounts of data. One of the main strategies of grid computing is using software to divide and apportion pieces of a program among several computers, sometimes up to many thousands. Grid computing is distributed, large-scale cluster computing, as well as a form of network-distributed parallel processing. The size of grid computing may vary from being small — confined to a network of computer workstations within a corporation, for example — to being large, public collaboration across many companies and networks. "The notion of a confined grid may also be known as an intra-nodes cooperation whilst the notion of a larger, wider grid may thus refer to an inter-nodes cooperation". This inter-/intra-nodes cooperation "across cyber-based collaborative organizations are also known as Virtual Organizations". It is a form of distributed computing whereby a “super and virtual computer” is composed of a cluster of networked loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks. This technology has been applied to computationally intensive scientific, mathematical, and academic problems through volunteer computing, and it is used in commercial enterprises for such diverse applications as drug discovery, economic forecasting, seismic analysis, and back-office data processing in support of e-commerce and Web services. What distinguishes grid computing from conventional cluster computing systems is that grids tend to be more loosely coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed. Also, while a computing grid may be dedicated to a specialized application, it is often constructed with the aid of general-purpose grid software libraries and middleware. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing (8-15-09) ---------- Hadoop Apache Hadoop is a Java software framework that supports data intensive distributed applications, free licensed. It enables applications to work with thousands of nodes and petabytes of data. Hadoop was inspired by Google's MapReduce and Google File System (GFS) papers. Hadoop is a top level Apache project, being built and used by a community of contributors from all over the world. Yahoo! has been the largest contributor to the project and uses Hadoop extensively in its web search and advertising businesses. IBM and Google have announced a major initiative to use Hadoop to support university courses in distributed computer programming. Hadoop was created by Doug Cutting (now a Yahoo! employee), who named it after his child's stuffed elephant. It was originally developed to support distribution for the Nutch search engine project. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadoop (8-9-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://hadoop.apache.org/ (8-12-09) Hbase HBase is the Hadoop database. Its an open-source, distributed, column-oriented store modeled after the Google paper, Bigtable: A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data by Chang et al. Just as Bigtable leverages the distributed data storage provided by the Google File System, HBase provides Bigtable-like capabilities on top of Hadoop. HBase's goal is the hosting of very large tables -- billions of rows X millions of columns -- atop clusters of commodity hardware. REFERENCES: http://hadoop.apache.org/hbase/ (8-10-09) HTTP = Hypertext Transfer Protocol ---------- Individuals Instances. Individuals represent physical or virtual concepts the ontology is describing. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 187) interoperability Interoperability is a property referring to and the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operate). The term is often used in a technical systems engineering sense, or alternatively in a broad sense, taking into account social, political, and organizational factors that impact system to system performance. The IEEE defines interoperability as: the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged. James A. O'Bien and George M. Marakas define interoperability as: Being able to accomplish end-user applications using different types of computer systems, operating systems, and application software, interconnected by different types of local and wide area networks. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability (8-25-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "RDF has an XML-based syntax to support syntactic interoperability. XML and RDF complement each other because RDF supports semantic interoperability." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 109) (2) "Methods are explained for creating and calibrating "Meaning" and achieving “Semantic interoperability" through machine mediation." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-machine-mediated-meaning-semantic-interoperability.html (8-28-09) ISA = Information Systems Architecture ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "I just did some high-level study in Zachman Framework for information systems architecture (ISA)." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) ISI = Information Sciences Institute A prominent research organization of the University of Southern California (USC) in the field of information science; it is part of the Viterbi School of Engineering at USC. It is involved in a broad spectrum of information processing research, and in the development of advanced computer and communication technologies. ISI is not located on the main USC campus near downtown Los Angeles, but at a separate facility in Marina del Rey, California; it also has a branch facility in Arlington, Virginia. Part of one floor at the Marina del Rey facility is occupied by ICANN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute (8-12-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www3.isi.edu/home (8-12-09) ISO = International Standards Organization The International Organization for Standardization (Organisation internationale de normalisation), widely known as ISO, is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. While ISO defines itself as a non-governmental organization, its ability to set standards that often become law, either through treaties or national standards, makes it more powerful than most non-governmental organizations. In practice, ISO acts as a consortium with strong links to governments. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization (8-29-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm (8-29-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "This markup language has been used in the publishing industry for many years and became an International Standards Organization (ISO) standard (ISO 8879) in 1986." http://www.warren.info/dr/?q=node/13 (8-24-09) (2) "It specifies that the current document is an XML docuument, and defines the version and the character encoding used in the particular system (such as UTF-8, UTF-16, and ISO 8859-1)." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 29) ISWC = International Semantic Web Conference The International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC) is the leading conference for research on Semantic Web topics. It is held annually and is the successor of the Semantic Web Working Symposium (SWWS). The International Semantic Web Conference is a major international forum at which research on all aspects of the Semantic Web is presented. The Semantic Web Science Association Web, SWSA, is the Association that organizes the academic conferences on Semantic Web technology. REFERENCES: http://iswc.semanticweb.org/ (8-14-09) http://www.iswsa.org/iswc.html (8-17-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://iswc.semanticweb.org/ (8-14-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "I would recommend to take a look at the areas of invited research that are part of the upcoming ISWC 2009 conference and expand on it." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/858ef3d0f6b4c439/f904d29fe2864fd9#f904d29fe2864fd9 (8-14-09) IT Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information. Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term has become very recognizable. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems. When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "infotech". Information technology is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information. Presumably, when speaking of Information Technology (IT) as a whole, it is noted that the use of computers and information are associated. In recent years ABET and the ACM have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study separate from both Computer Science and Information Systems. EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The problem is that present IT infrastructures are composed of layers of isolated software components that cannot scale to incorporate the range of functions required for the software to fully perform intended purposes." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-semantic-universe-article-actualizing-future-web-knowledge-distribution.html (8-23-09) (2) "Activity area: IT industry" http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/ (8-23-09) (3) "Businesses are data-driven. They have been ever since the rise of IT." http://www.chiefmartec.com/2009/06/marketers-the-web-of-data-is-inevitable.html (8-25-09) iTQL = Interactive Tucana Query Language REFERENCES: http://simile.mit.edu/reports/stores/ (8-13-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "To get out URIs based on their namespace LIKE must be enabled (which is implemented just not available in iTQL)." http://morenews.blogspot.com/2005/01/how-to-manage-triple-store.html (8-13-09) (2) "The resource index is queried by iTQL (interactive Tucana Query Language?), which is largely similar to SQL (Structured Query Language)." http://wiki.statsbiblioteket.dk/domswiki/Fedora_3.0_triple_store_API (8-13-09) ---------- Jena A Java framework for building Semantic Web applications. It provides a programmatic environment for RDF, RDFS and OWL, SPARQL and includes a rule-based inference engine. Jena is open source and grown out of work with the HP Labs Semantic Web Programme. The Jena Framework includes: o A RDF API o Reading and writing RDF in RDF/XML, N3 and N-Triples o An OWL API o In-memory and persistent storage o SPARQL query engine REFERENCES: http://jena.sourceforge.net/ (8-8-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Because Clojure compiles to Java bytecode, it's very easy to call Java libraries (I started with Jena and Sesame) for things like serialization or disk-based triple stores. http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/d184674ca516f9fe" (8-18-09) JSON = JavaScript Object Notation JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format. It is easy for humans to read and write. It is easy for machines to parse and generate. It is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language, Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition - December 1999. JSON is a text format that is completely language independent but uses conventions that are familiar to programmers of the C-family of languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python, and many others. These properties make JSON an ideal data-interchange language. JSON is built on two structures: o A collection of name/value pairs. In various languages, this is realized as an object, record, struct, dictionary, hash table, keyed list, or associative array. o An ordered list of values. In most languages, this is realized as an array, vector, list, or sequence. These are universal data structures. Virtually all modern programming languages support them in one form or another. It makes sense that a data format that is interchangable with programming languages also be based on these structures. REFERENCES: http://www.json.org/ (8-26-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "On the other hand, it took me about 2 minutes to make a visualization of a json data set I used for an exhibit page elsewhere…" http://ivan-herman.name/2009/06/19/semtech2009-impression/ (8-25-09) ---------- KAON = Karlsruhe ontology A certain ontology editor. [GBL APPENDIX 2] It is single user and server based solutions possible, open source, from IPE Karlsruhe. An ontology management infrastructure targeted for business applications. It includes a comprehensive tool suite allowing easy ontology creation and management. Persistence mechanisms of KAON are based on relational databases. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_editor (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAON (8-7-09) http://sourceforge.net/projects/kaon/ (8-7-09) KB = knowledge base A knowledge base ( abbreviated KB, kb) is a special kind of database for knowledge management, providing the means for the computerized collection, organization, and retrieval of knowledge. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_base (8-18-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Finally, a significant portion of the Cyc ontology and KB is dedicated to the "whitespace", i.e., all the info between (or above) particular domain knowledge." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/2019f537455a8b4c (8-15-09) KIF = Knowledge Interchange Format A computer-oriented language for the interchange of knowledge among disparate computer programs. It has declarative semantics (i.e. the meaning of expressions in the representation can be understood without appeal to an interpreter for manipulating those expressions); it is logically comprehensive (i.e. it provides for the expression of arbitrary sentences in the first-order predicate calculus); it provides for the representation of knowledge about the representation of knowledge; it provides for the representation of nonmonotonic reasoning rules; and it provides for the definition of objects, functions, and relations. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Interchange_Format (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The book throws around all of the right buzzwords: ontologies, XML, KIF, taxonomies, metadata, etc." http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Web-Services-Knowledge-Management/product-reviews/0471432571/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) killer app = killer application EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "In this case, the facts are that the Semantic Web is still in need of a killer app, and the media wishes this killer app would be in the search engine space." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 369) (2) "Still, a killer app (or a collection of killer apps) is needed." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-inventing-semantic-web%E2%80%A6again.html (8-27-09) (3) "Without a killer semantic web app for consumers, site owners have been reluctant to support standards like RDF, or even microformats." http://www.ysearchblog.com/2008/03/13/the-yahoo-search-open-ecosystem/ (8-29-09) Kindle A software and hardware platform developed by Amazon.com subsidiary Lab126 for reading e-books and other digital media. A wireless reading device available only from Amazon.com that converts a proprietary format (AZW) of text to audio. REFERENCES: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00154JDAI/?tag=googhydr-20&hvadid=3805642019&ref=pd_sl_943ntst4l1_e (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "I found the book to be a very well written introduction to RDF/S & OWL, but it was frustratingly difficult to read on the Kindle. Aside from the general difficulty of paging back and forth on the Kindle (something that must be done to understand most technical literature), I found the figures and tables on the Kindle to be extremely difficult to read, even when "magnified"." http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Web-Working-Ontologist-Effective/product-reviews/0123735564/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-9-09) (2) "I'm wondering if you will consider creating a Kindle formatted version for those of us that purchased the PDF as well." http://www.manning-sandbox.com/thread.jspa?threadID=22524&tstart=0 (8-29-09) KISTI = Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information ... REFERENCES: http://www.kisti.re.kr/english/ (8-24-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.kisti.re.kr/english/ (8-24-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "New SW Use Case by KISTI" http://semanticuniverse.com/industry-news-new-sw-use-case-kisti.html (8-23-09) (2) "Kisti, in Korea, has provided a W3C Semantic Web Use Case on the OntoFrame 2008 semantic portal service on academic research." http://semanticuniverse.com/industry-news-new-sw-use-case-kisti.html (8-23-09) KL-ONE = Knowledge Language One (Not to be confused with KL1.) A well known knowledge representation system in the tradition of semantic networks and frames; that is, it is a frame language. The system is an attempt to overcome semantic indistinctness in semantic network representations and to explicitly represent conceptual information as a structured inheritance network. There is a whole family of KL-ONE-like systems. [GBL APPENDIX 7] REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KL-ONE (8-8-09) http://books.google.com/books?id=ygzKNYq-YBsC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=KL-ONE+family+loom&source=bl&ots=gmLO3cTOtT&sig=t5rVzprBpCcFByJ8krkttNeIkHM&hl=en&ei=_vp-StCeFo2uswP_3LTvCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=KL-ONE%20family%20loom&f=false (8-9-09) KMS = Knowledge Management System Knowledge Management System (KM System) refers to a (generally IT based) system for managing knowledge in organizations for supporting creation, capture, storage and dissemination of information. It can comprise a part (neither necessary or sufficient) of a Knowledge Management initiative. The idea of a KM system is to enable employees to have ready access to the organization's documented base of facts, sources of information, and solutions. For example a typical claim justifying the creation of a KM system might run something like this: an engineer could know the metallurgical composition of an alloy that reduces sound in gear systems. Sharing this information organization wide can lead to more effective engine design and it could also lead to ideas for new or improved equipment. A KM system could be any of the following: 1.Document based i.e. any technology that permits creation/management/sharing of formatted documents such as Lotus Notes, web, distributed databases etc. 2.Ontology/Taxonomy based: these are similar to document technologies in the sense that a system of terminologies (i.e. ontology) are used to summarize the document e.g. Author, Subj, Organization etc. as in DAML & other XML based ontologies 3.Based on AI technologies which use a customized representation scheme to represent the problem domain. 4.Provide network maps of the organization showing the flow of communication between entities and individuals 5.Increasingly social computing tools are being deployed to provide a more organic approach to creation of a KM system. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management_system (8-15-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "This is what lets us have a Semantic *Web* and not just a KMS (Knowledge Management System)." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/858ef3d0f6b4c439/738731685e8808b4#738731685e8808b4 (8-14-09) KR = knowledge representation ---------- layer cake = layercake ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "I'm not sure that I see the XML influence, though it's certainly there in the Semantic Web Layer Cake." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/858ef3d0f6b4c439 (8-16-09) (2) "The defining picture of the Semantic Web is sometimes called the "layercake."" "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 225) (3) "The good old Semantic Web layer cake ... it has served us quite well by giving some illustration to the un-illustrateable." http://www.valentinzacharias.de/blog/2007/04/ban-semantic-web-layer-cake.html (8-19-09) (4) "Other than XML, RDF is the most real layer of the W3C layer cake so this section is also the most accessible." http://www.amazon.com/Explorers-Guide-Semantic-Thomas-Passin/product-reviews/1932394206/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) (5) "The progression builds in line with Tim Berner-Lee's "layer" cake diagram and explains concepts clearly and well." http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Primer-Cooperative-Information-Systems/product-reviews/0262012103/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) LDAP = Lightweight Directory Access Protocol The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, or LDAP, is an application protocol for querying and modifying directory services running over TCP/IP. A directory is a set of objects with attributes organized in a logical and hierarchical manner. A simple example is the telephone directory, which consists of a list of names (of either persons or organizations) organized alphabetically, with each name having an address and phone number associated with it. An LDAP directory tree often reflects various political, geographic, and/or organizational boundaries, depending on the model chosen. LDAP deployments today tend to use Domain name system (DNS) names for structuring the topmost levels of the hierarchy. Deeper inside the directory might appear entries representing people, organizational units, printers, documents, groups of people or anything else that represents a given tree entry (or multiple entries). REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol (8-26-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "It will also include a way to read all those LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) and Active Directory registries that are strewn about within a typical large global enterprise." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, pp. 55-56) (2) "Setup any number of external login sources such as LDAP, Active Directory, a number of popular PHP scripts, & more." http://www.activecampaign.com/knowledgebuilder/index.php (8-16-09) (3) "For example, at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam an RDF front end to the local LDAP database has been developed that represents its data as FOAF profiles." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 193) LDM = Logical Data Modeling EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Physical data models are about databases/datastores/physical designs, but not CDMs and LDMs." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) Linked Open Data ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Freeing data is also behind a fast-growing movement around Linked Open Data - or what many call Web 3.0 for short, said the founder of the World Wide Web." http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3753646/Sir+Tim+Talks+Up+Linked+Open+Data+Movement.htm (8-29-09) (2) " It isn’t just inside that small (but growing) group of data sets that the Linked Open Data project have reached." http://blogs.zdnet.com/semantic-web/?p=112 (8-29-09) LOD = Linking Open Data A community project by the W3C Semantic Web Education and Outreach group. The goal is to put online for public use datasets whose data structure is RDF triples. REFERENCES: http://semanticabyss.blogspot.com/2009/07/what-is-lod-cloud.html (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_Data (8-7-09) http://esw.w3.org/topic/SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "That is a huge change (although I still miss real “user facing” applications of LOD to show up; some, like Talis’ system deployed at UK universities, were presented but not as part of the regular conference)." http://ivan-herman.name/2009/06/19/semtech2009-impression/ (8-25-09) Loom A member of the KL-ONE family of languages. Used by SIMS. A knowledge representation language developed by researchers in the Artificial Intelligence research group at the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute. The Loom project's goal is the development and fielding of advanced tools for knowledge representation and reasoning in Artificial Intelligence. REFERENCES: http://books.google.com/books?id=zQ34EoZO2IYC&pg=RA6-PA310&lpg=RA6-PA310&dq=%22semantic+web%22+loom&source=bl&ots=735ua7CoEK&sig=jCUoEtHKvzU9gJKODglP1kznFEI&hl=en&ei=rLR8Ss3uMI7gswOIz5HvCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=%22semantic%20web%22%20loom&f=false (8-7-09) http://www.semantic-web.at/1.11.resource.329.ontosaurus.htm (8-7-09) ---------- MAMP = Mac, Apache, MySQL, and PHP/Perl/Python A certain AMP variation. [GBL APPENDIX 11] The acronym MAMP refers to a set of free software programs commonly used together to run dynamic web sites on servers running the Apple Macintosh operating system, Mac OS X: o Mac OS X, the operating system; o Apache, the Web server; o MySQL, the database management system (or database server); o P for PHP, Perl, or Python, all programming languages used for web development. To be precise, it is an open source Web platform built upon Mac OS X. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAMP (8-12-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Since manually compiling additional PHP modules in OS X can get a bit tedious, I would recommend using ether a real linux distro like Ubuntu (perhaps in a virtual machine), or using mac ports apache/php instead of MAMP." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/a12283f321dc392d (8-11-09) mashup In web development, a mashup is a web page or application that combines data or functionality from two or more external sources to create a new service. The term mashup implies easy, fast integration, frequently using open APIs and data sources to produce results that were not the original reason for producing the raw source data. An example of a mashup is the use of cartographic data to add location information to real estate data, thereby creating a new and distinct Web service that was not originally provided by either source. There are many types of mashups, such as consumer mashups, data mashups, and business mashups. The most common type of mashup is the consumer mashup, aimed at the general public. Data mashups combine similar types of media and information from multiple sources into a single representation. An example is the Havaria Information Services' AlertMap, which combines data from over 200 sources related to severe weather conditions, biohazard threats, and seismic information, and displays them on a map of the world or Chicago Crime Map, which indicates the crime rate and location of crime in Chicago. Business mashups focus data into a single presentation and allow for collaborative action among businesses and developers. This works well for an Agile Development project, which requires collaboration between the Developers and Customer proxy for defining and implementing the business requirements. Mashups and portals are both content aggregation technologies. Portals are an older technology designed as an extension to traditional dynamic Web applications, in which the process of converting data content into marked-up Web pages is split into two phases - generation of markup "fragments" and aggregation of the fragments into pages. Each markup fragment is generated by a "portlet", and the portal combines them into a single Web page. Portlets may be hosted locally on the portal server or remotely on another server. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid) (8-8-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Thanks to the book mashup service set up by Chris Bizer and friends the RDF data (providing such information as Amazon's relevant data) for most of the books is also available. The URI for the RDF description is simply based on the ISBN number." http://esw.w3.org/topic/SwBooks (8-8-09) (2) "This result is also significant to mashups in general and Linked Data specifically, so I have added a recipe to my mashup cookbook, check the mashup cookbook for recipe #2!" http://phaneron.rickmurphy.org/?p=35 (8-12-09) (3) "The term mashup is now a common part of the lingo, used to describe when people reuse other people's content in their own way." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 94) (4) "It looks like an attempt at a "mashup" of AI critique wth semantic web critique and it fails miserably." http://semweb.meetup.com/32/messages/boards/thread/7274284 (8-25-09) (5) "I see one of the major promises of the Semantic Web getting data in RDF out there so that such, essentially mash-up applications would become much easier to create and maintain." http://ivan-herman.name/2009/06/19/semtech2009-impression/ (8-25-09) (6) "Mashup is rated as moderate on the Hype Cycle (definition: provides incremental improvements to established processes that will result in increased revenue or cost savings for an enterprise), but is expected to hit mainstream adoption in less than two years. A "mashup" is a lightweight tactical integration of multi-sourced applications or content into a single offering. Because mashups leverage data and services from public Web sites and Web applications, they’re lightweight in implementation and built with a minimal amount of code." http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=495475 (8-27-09) MDA = Model-driven architecture EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Integrated development environment tools with automatic code generation from UML class and sequence diagrams or MDA's or ...?" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) (2) "Meanwhile, the Object Modeling Group (OMG) effort in Model Driven Architecture (MDA) tries, among other things, to solve the same fundamental problem as does BPM." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-how-can-semantics-help-us-achieve-model-driven-everything.html (8-27-09) metadata Metadata (meta data, or sometimes metainformation) is "data about other data", of any sort in any media. An item of metadata may describe an individual datum, or content item, or a collection of data including multiple content items and hierarchical levels, for example a database schema. In data processing, metadata provides information about, or documentation of, other data managed within an application or environment. This commonly defines the structure or schema of the primary data. For example, metadata would document data about data elements or attributes, (name, size, data type, etc) and data about records or data structures (length, fields, columns, etc) and data about data (where it is located, how it is associated, ownership, etc.). Metadata may include descriptive information about the context, quality and condition, or characteristics of the data. It may be recorded with high or low granularity. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata (8-10-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The Semantic Web runs on meta-data, and much meta-data is untrustworthy, for a variety of reasons that are not amenable to easy solution." http://www.shirky.com/writings/semantic_syllogism.html (8-25-09) (2) "Microformats, RDFa and microdata are largely incompatible ways of annotating HTML documents with metadata." http://juansequeda.blogspot.com/2009/08/semantic-web-panels-at-sxsw-2010.html (8-19-09) (3) "Metadata is an important topic to understand because metadata is what the Semantic Web is really all about." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 117) microformat Microformats are a collection of formats (tags) for embedding document metadata within Web pages, XHTML, and HTML. Their ability to be embedded in HTML is seen by some as a major advantage over plain RDF. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 171) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Microformats: Empowering Your Markup for Web 2.0 by John Allsopp (Paperback - Mar 26, 2007)" http://www.amazon.com/Microformats-Empowering-Your-Markup-Web/dp/1590598148/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1250139946&sr=1-1 (8-12-09) (2) "Some people would say that microformats and RDF stand on opposite sides of the format spectrum: Microformats can be small and loose, whereas RDF is a little heavy and can be verbose." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 171) (3) "I learned a lot and am eager to update my personal sites with Rich Snippets, RDFa and microformats." http://www.adaptivepath.com/blog/2009/06/19/the-semantic-web/ (8-25-09) (4) "Initially, we plan to support a number of microformats, including hCard, hCalendar, hReview, hAtom, and XFN." http://www.ysearchblog.com/2008/03/13/the-yahoo-search-open-ecosystem/ (8-29-09) Model-driven architecture = MDA A software design approach for the development of software systems. It provides a set of guidelines for the structuring of specifications, which are expressed as models. Model-driven architecture is a kind of domain engineering, and supports model-driven engineering of software systems. It was launched by the Object Management Group (OMG) in 2001. The Model-Driven Architecture approach defines system functionality using a platform-independent model (PIM) using an appropriate domain-specific language. A new way of developing applications and writing specifications, based on a platform-independent model (PIM) of the application or specification's business functionality and behavior. A complete MDA specification consists of a definitive platform-independent base model, plus one or more platform-specific models (PSM) and sets of interface definitions, each describing how the base model is implemented on a different middleware platform. A complete MDA application consists of a definitive PIM, plus one or more PSMs and complete implementations, one on each platform that the application developer decides to support. MDA development focuses first on the functionality and behavior of a distributed application or system, undistorted by idiosyncrasies of the technology platform or platforms on which it will be implemented. In this way, MDA divorces implementation details from business functions. Thus, it is not necessary to repeat the process of defining an application or system's functionality and behavior each time a new technology (Web Services, for example) comes along. Other architectures are generally tied to a particular technology. With MDA, functionality and behavior are modeled once and only once. Mapping from a PIM through a PSM to the supported MDA platforms is being implemented by tools, easing the task of supporting new or different technologies. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-driven_architecture (8-7-09) http://www.omg.org/mda/faq_mda.htm (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Semantic technologies also have relevance in information modeling, model driven architectures, data integration, etc, none of which have anything to do with text." http://semweb.meetup.com/32/messages/boards/thread/7274284/0 (8-11-09) MOF = Meta-Object Facility EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "MOF, depicted in Figure 6-10, is the overarching framework for UML, MDA, and CWM. These modeling advances are significantly beyond the scope of typical data warehouse and business intelligence applications." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 138) (2) "The Meta-Object Facility (MOF), provides a formal modeling paradigm for expressing meta-models of models, meta-models of meta-models, etc." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-how-can-semantics-help-us-achieve-model-driven-everything.html (8-27-09) Mulgara A certain triplestore. [GBL APPENDIX 12] A triplestore and fork of the original Kowari project. It is Open Source, massively scalable, and transaction-safe. Mulgara instances can be queried via the iTQL query language and the SPARQL query language. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulgara_(software) (8-9-09) ---------- N3 = Notation3 Nabble Nabble is a list/forum aggregator. REFERENCES: http://lists.drupal.org/pipermail/support/2007-May/004681.html (8-13-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.nabble.com/ (8-13-09) Neo4j ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "As discussed during the last session I'd like to invite you to join me in the evaluate of neo4j." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/3b99734f486a9000 (9-25-09) Neologism Neologism is a simple web-based RDF Schema vocabulary editor and publishing system under development at DERI. REFERENCES: http://cmsc691s.blogspot.com/2008/11/neologism-web-based-rdfs-vocabulary.html (8-13-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://neologism.deri.ie/ (8-13-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "I've been fighting a bit with RDFCCK and Neologism a bit." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/456345ead449b4f8 (8-11-09) (2) "I've installed Neologism and RDFCCK on a test server locally (using MAMP)." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/a12283f321dc392d (8-11-09) NER = Named Entity Recognition REFERENCES: http://nlp.cs.nyu.edu/sekine/papers/li07.pdf (9-25-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "A good summary of NER literature is also here: http://nlp.cs.nyu.edu/sekine/papers/li07.pdf (nadeau & sekine)" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/f7375630c3463578 (9-25-09) NetOps NetOps is defined as the operational framework consisting of three essential tasks, Situational Awareness (SA), and Command & Control (C2) that the Commander (CDR) of US Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM), in coordination with DoD and Global NetOps Community, employs to operate, manage and defend the Global Information Grid (GIG) to ensure information superiority for the United States. DoD Instruction (DoDI) 8410.02 defines NetOps as the DoD-wide operational, organizational, and technical capabilities for operating and defending the GIG. NetOps includes, but is not limited to, enterprise management, net assurance, and content management. NetOps provides Combatant Commanders (COCOMs) with GIG Situational Awareness (SA) to make informed Command & Control (C2) decisions. GIG SA is gained through the operational and technical integration of enterprise management and defense actions and activities across all levels of command (strategic, operational and expeditionary forces). REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetOps (8-28-09) NLP = Natural language processing REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing (8-8-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Natural language processing (NLP) technology, business rule languages, and vari- ous data vocabularies built with RDF/OWL may all be instrumental to the long-term success of the Semantic Web despite the fact that many people do not consider them a central feature of the core technologies." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 225) (2) "I have always kind of wondered whether there is a difference between the entity extraction that the NLP tools offer and doing things manually by just trying to find instances of a string through keyword match." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/f7375630c3463578 (9-25-09) Notation3 Notation3, or N3 as it is more commonly known, is a shorthand non-XML serialization of Resource Description Framework models, designed with human-readability in mind: N3 is much more compact and readable than XML RDF notation. The format is being developed by Tim Berners-Lee and others from the Semantic Web community. N3 has several features that go beyond a serialization for RDF models, such as support for RDF-based rules. Turtle is a simplified, RDF-only subset of N3. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation3 (8-11-09) NQL = Network Query Language Designed and commercialized by NQL Solutions, Inc., an organization that grew out of a heritage minicomputer company. Network Query Language is an English-like script language that is similar in basic syntax to JavaScript and which offers virtually all the verbs and keywords one needs to perform content engineering. Network Query Language does not replace XML, but rather empowers web authors and developers with the process language that really takes advantage of XML - and other basic web content constructs. REFERENCES: http://www.bitpipe.com/tlist/Network-Query-Language.html (8-10-09) N-Triples N-Triples is a line-based, plain text serialisation format for RDF (Resource Description Framework) graphs. It is a subset of the Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) format. N-Triples should not be confused with Notation 3 which is a superset of Turtle. N-Triples was primarily developed by Dave Beckett at the University of Bristol and Art Barstow at the W3C. N-Triples was designed to be a simpler format than Notation 3 and Turtle, and therefore easier for software to parse and generate. However, because it lacks some of the shortcuts provided by other RDF serialisations (such as CURIEs and nested resources, which are provided by both RDF/XML and Turtle) it can be onerous to type out large amounts of data by hand, and difficult to read. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Triples (8-14-09) NYT = New York Times EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "It was quite interesting to see how a reputable journal like the NYT has developed a tradition of indexing, abstracting, cataloging articles, how these are archived and searched." http://ivan-herman.name/2009/06/19/semtech2009-impression/ (8-25-09) (2) "The New York Times announced to publish the NYT Annotated Corpus (XML tagging) and the NYT Index in the “Linked Data Cloud” in order to open to the public." http://soonho.net/2009/06/25/semtech-2009-in-san-jose/ (8-25-09) ---------- OASIS = Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) is a global consortium that drives the development, convergence and adoption of e-business and web service standards. Members of the consortium decide how and what work is undertaken through an open, democratic process. Technical work is carried out under the following categories: Web Services, e-Commerce, Security, Law & Government, Supply Chain, Computing Management, Application Focus, Document-Centric, XML Processing, Conformance/Interop, and Industry Domains. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 19) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OASIS_(organization) (8-29-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "OASIS, which controls many business domain-specific data speci- fications, is adopting RDF and OWL as a core feature in standards for Documents, Data Centers, Security, and Business Process Management." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 65) OCML = Operational Conceptual Modelling Language REFERENCES: http://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-122/paper8.pdf (8-7-09) OIL = Ontology Inference Layer = Ontology Interchange Language A certain semantic web language. [GBL APPENDIX 1] REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_Inference_Layer (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web_Services (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Of course, it is questionable whether the XML-based RDF syntax is very user-friendly; there are alternatives better suited to human users (for example, see the OIL syntax)." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 114) OilEd A certain ontology editor. [GBL APPENDIX 2] It is Java-based, downloadable, under GPL, and has many users, from the University of Manchester. Their site is no longer maintained, however. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_editor (8-7-09) OMG = Object Management Group Object Management Group (OMG) is a consortium, originally aimed at setting standards for distributed object-oriented systems, and is now focused on modeling (programs, systems and business processes) and model-based standards. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Management_Group (8-15-09) "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 19) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Model-driven Architecture is a registered trademark of the Object Management Group (OMG)." http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=495475 (8-27-09) OntoFrame ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Kisti, in Korea, has provided a W3C Semantic Web Use Case on the OntoFrame 2008 semantic portal service on academic research." http://semanticuniverse.com/industry-news-new-sw-use-case-kisti.html (8-23-09) ontology A collection of statements written in a language such as RDF that defines the relations between concepts and specifies logical rules for reasoning about them. Computers will "understand" the meaning of semantic data on a Web page by following links to specified ontologies. REFERENCES: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web-glossary (8-7-09) ontology editor An application designed to assist in the creation or manipulation of ontologies. Ontology editors often express ontologies in one of many ontology languages. Some provide export to other ontology languages however. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_editor (8-8-09) Ontosaurus A Web Browser for Loom™ knowledge bases. It provides a graphical hyperlinked interface to several of the knowledge bases. There is also an Ontosaurus interface for PowerLoom™. REFERENCES: http://www.semantic-web.at/1.11.resource.329.ontosaurus.htm (8-7-09) OO = object-oriented OOP = object-oriented programming OpenCalais A free version of Calais. REFERENCES: http://venturebeat.com/2008/09/24/thomson-reuters-calais-goes-commercial-offering-a-starting-point-for-semantic-web-startups/ (8-7-09) ORM ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Welcome to the New York Semantic Web Meetup, an open community that shares common interest in the Semantic Web and aspects of Advanced Database Systems, Ontologies, Rule Systems, Graph Databases, ORM and RDBMS storage for RDF, Knowledge Management Systems, Computational Linguistics." http://www.swnyc.org/index.php?title=New_York_Semantic_Web_Meetup (8-29-09) OWL = Web Ontology Language A certain semantic web language. [GBL APPENDIX 1] There exist three sublanguages of OWL. [GBL APPENDIX 9] REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language (8-7-09) OWL DL = OWL-DL = Web Ontology Language Description Logic(s) A certain sublanguage of OWL. [GBL APPENDIX 9] REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 184) "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 117) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The DL in OWL-DL stands for description logics--a family of knowledge representation languages that have historically been developed in the artificial intelligence community." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 184) (2) "In order to regain computational efficiency, OWL DL (short for Description Logic) is a sublanguage of OWL Full that restricts how the constructors from OWL and RDF may be used." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 117) OWL Lite A certain sublanguage of OWL. [GBL APPENDIX 9] A species of the OWL ontology language. It is a sublanbguage of OWL DL and was originally intended to provide a significantly simpler formalism in terms of computational complexity. This, however, has largely failed, and OWL Lite is almost as complex as OWL DL. The practically relevant species of OWL therefore today are OWL DL and OWL Full. http://semanticweb.org/wiki/OWL_Lite (8-11-09) OWL-S = OWL-Services OWL-S is an ontology built on top of Web Ontology Language (OWL) by the DARPA DAML program. It replaces the former DAML-S ontology. "OWL-S is an ontology, within the OWL-based framework of the Semantic Web, for describing Semantic Web Services. It will enable users and software agents to automatically discover, invoke, compose, and monitor Web resources offering services, under specified constraints." REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWL-S (8-14-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The collaborative work of technology innovator H. Peter Alesso and research engineer Craig Smith, Developing Semantic Web Services presents the complete Language Pyramid of Web markup languages, including Resource Description Framework (RDF), Web Ontology Language (OWL) and OWL-Services (OWL-S), along with numerous examples and software demos." http://www.amazon.com/Developing-Semantic-Services-Peter-Alesso/product-reviews/1568812124/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-14-09) ---------- Pathauto A certain popular module of Drupal, whose name means "path auto". [GBL APPENDIX 8] The Pathauto module of Drupal automatically generates path aliases for various kinds of content (nodes, categories, users) without requiring the user to manually specify the path alias. This allows you to get aliases like /category/my-node-title.html instead of /node/123. The aliases are based upon a "pattern" system which the administrator can control. REFERENCES: http://drupal.org/project/pathauto (8-7-09) Pellet Pellet is an open source reasoner for OWL 2 DL in Java. It provides standard and cutting-edge reasoning services for OWL ontologies. REFERENCES: http://clarkparsia.com/pellet (8-12-09) PLoS = Public Library of Science PLoS is a nonprofit organization of scientists and physicians committed to making the world's scientific and medical literature a freely available public resource. REFERENCES: http://www.plos.org/ (8-18-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.plos.org/ (8-18-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "PLoS ONE is built upon the innovative technologies of Topaz, Fedora, and Mulgara, providing an open publishing platform that combines an online scientific journal with community features such as annotations, discussions, ratings and tags." http://www.fedora-commons.org/about/examples/plos (8-15-09) (2) "PLoS - The Public Library of Science and Publishing on the Semantic Web" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/0da4c529f7f4fa30 (8-18-09) POJO = plain old Java object EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "As a component-based Web application framework, Wicket lets you build maintainable enterprise-grade web applications using the power of plain old Java objects (POJOs), HTML, Ajax, Spring, Hibernate and Maven." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/5dab074db3f3bf7f (8-15-09) (2) "For the technically astute, think "ontology-based plain old Java objects (POJO) layer without compiled code." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 54) property ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "FOAF introduces the following classes and properties." http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/ (8-29-09) Protégé A certain ontology editor. [GBL APPENDIX 2] It is Java-based, downloadable, open source, has many sample ontologies, and is from Stanford University. Protégé-2000 is an integrated software tool used by system developers and domain experts to develop knowledge-based systems. Applications developed with Protégé-2000 are used in problem-solving and decision-making in a particular domain. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_editor (8-7-09) http://protege.stanford.edu/doc/users_guide/ (8-7-09) ---------- RDBMS = relational database management system A Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd. Most popular commercial and open source databases currently in use are based on the relational model. A short definition of an RDBMS may be a DBMS in which data is stored in the form of tables and the relationship among the data is also stored in the form of tables. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system (8-28-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Key Semantic Web specifications were commissioned by U.S. and European government agencies in the early 2000s because their defense research scientists knew that RDBMS, UML, and XML technologies could not, by themselves, solve the information challenges of the next century." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 65) (2) "How can we leave our RDBMs in place while gaining the goodness of ontologies and semantics?" http://www.mkbergman.com/494/must-see-semweb/ (8-25-09) RDF = Resource Description Framework A certain Semantic Web specification. [GBL APPENDIX 17] REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework (8-7-09) RDFa = RDF in Attributes = Resource Description Framework in Attributes A method of representing RDF statements as attributes in XHTML elements within XHTML documents on the Web. REFERENCES: http://agtivity.com/def/resource_description_framework_in_attributes.htm (8-7-09) "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 81) RDFCCK = RDF CCK The RDF CCK module of Drupal allows site administrators to map each content type, node title, node body and CCK field to an RDF term (class or property). By default, RDF CCK will create local classes and properties for all your content types and fields which will be exported at node/*/rdf. REFERENCES: http://drupalmodules.com/module/rdf-cck (8-9-09) http://drupal.org/project/evoc (8-9-09) RDFS = RDF Schema ... REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF_Schema (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "To further deepen this conversation in the New York Semantic Web Group we will start a book club and our first selection will address some aspects of semantic modelling: Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist: Effective Modeling in RDFS and OWL" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) (2) "The book offers a gentle introduction to Semantic Web concepts, including XML, DTDs, and XML schemas, RDF and RDFS, OWL, logic, and inference." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. xvii) reasoner ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "In other words, if two individuals are asserted to be disjoint, the OWL reasoner will always conclude that those instances are provably not equivalent." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 203) (2) "A formal semantics and reasoning support are usually provided by mapping an ontology language to a known logical formalism, and by using automated reasoners that already exist for those formalisms. OWL is (partially) mapped on a description logic, and makes use of existing reasoners such as FaCt and RACER." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 115) (3) "Pellet is an open source reasoner for OWL 2 DL in Java." http://clarkparsia.com/pellet (8-24-09) registry ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "It will also include a way to read all those LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) and Active Directory registries that are strewn about within a typical large global enterprise." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, pp. 55-56) reification Reification is a process through which a computable/addressable object—a resource—is created in a system, as a proxy for a non computable/addressable object. By means of reification something that was previously implicit, unexpressed and possibly unexpressible is explicitly formulated and made available to conceptual (logical or computational) manipulation. Informally, reification is often referred to as "making something a first-class citizen" within the scope of a particular system. Some aspect of a system can be reified at language design time—this is related to reflection in programming languages; reification can be applied as a stepwise refinement step at system design time; reification is one of the most frequently used techniques of conceptual analysis and knowledge representation. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(computer_science) (8-25-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The body of knowledge modeled by a collection of statements may be subjected to reification, in which each statement (that is each triple subject-predicate-object altogether) is assigned a URI and treated as a resource about which additional statements can be made, as in "Jane says that John is the author of document X". Reification is sometimes important in order to deduce a level of confidence or degree of usefulness for each statement." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework (8-25-09) (2) "An RDF object type and reification in the database thus provide a basic infrastructure for effective metadata management." http://www.freshpatents.com/Rdf-object-type-and-reification-in-the-database-dt20080529ptan20080126397.php (8-26-09) REST = Representational state transfer A style of software architecture for distributed hypermedia systems such as the World Wide Web. The terms "representational state transfer" and "REST" were introduced and defined in 2000 by the doctoral dissertation of Roy Fielding, one of the principal authors of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) specification versions 1.0 and 1.1. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer (8-10-09) RESTful Systems which follow REST principles are often referred to as "RESTful". REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer (8-10-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "RESTful Web Services by Leonard Richardson, Sam Ruby, and David Heinemeier Hansson (Paperback - May 8, 2007)" http://www.amazon.com/RESTful-Web-Services-Leonard-Richardson/dp/0596529260/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1250139498&sr=1-1 (8-12-09) (2) "RESTful PHP Web Services by Samisa Abeysinghe (Paperback - Oct 30, 2008)" http://www.amazon.com/RESTful-PHP-Services-Samisa-Abeysinghe/dp/1847195520/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1250139369&sr=1-6 (8-12-09) (3) "Secondly, the article describes MicroWSMO, an approach for semantic description of RESTful services, which have been largely neglected both in context of SOA and in SWS research." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-lightweight-semantic-extensions-soa.html (8-24-09) Revyu Revyu.com is a web site where you can review and rate things. Unlike many other reviewing sites on the web, Revyu.com lets you review and rate absolutely anything you can name. REFERENCES: http://revyu.com/ (8-28-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://revyu.com/ (8-28-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Some examples: Twine, Revyu, Faviki, …" http://www.w3.org/2009/Talks/05-Oz-IntroSW-IH/Slides.pdf (8-25-09) (2) "Just a thought...should we use Tom Heath's Revyu.com site?" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/bf17724cfda8502d (8-28-09) RIF The Rule Interchange Format (RIF) is a Working Group (an approved action committee) within the W3C. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 228) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Based on notes from the talk and a short conversation afterwards with Eric Hellman and Stella Mitchell, I have added background information about RIF to the event page." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/db05b5b6f4bfebd7 (9-25-09) Rich Snippets Google Rich Snippets provides structured data in Google search result snippets. Webmasters can provide this structured data by using microformats or RDFa to mark up their web pages. REFERENCES: http://knol.google.com/k/google-rich-snippets/google-rich-snippets/32la2chf8l79m/1# (8-16-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Google started to support RDFa for something they call "Rich Snippets"!" (8-15-09) http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/6ef2fa30f7b4c969 (2) "However we have begun to see some traction with RDFa (embedding RDF metadata into XHTML Web content), for example Google's Rich Snippets and Yahoo's SearchMonkey." http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/readwriteweb_interview_with_tim_berners-lee_part_2.php (8-16-09) (3) "Google's 'Rich Snippets' and Search Monkey -- if expanded -- might just put enough money on the table for markup to be considered." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/858ef3d0f6b4c439 (8-18-09) (4) "Efforts such as CommonTag and Rich Snippets are offering bloggers new options to add semantics to their blogs." http://juansequeda.blogspot.com/2009/08/semantic-web-panels-at-sxsw-2010.html (8-19-09) RSS = Really Simple Syndication = Rich Site Summary RSS (most commonly translated as "Really Simple Syndication" but sometimes "Rich Site Summary") is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works—such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video—in a standardized format. An RSS document (which is called a "feed", "web feed", or "channel") includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship. Web feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content automatically. They benefit readers who want to subscribe to timely updates from favored websites or to aggregate feeds from many sites into one place. RSS feeds can be read using software called an "RSS reader", "feed reader", or "aggregator", which can be web-based, desktop-based, or mobile-device-based. A standardized XML file format allows the information to be published once and viewed by many different programs. The user subscribes to a feed by entering into the reader the feed's URI – often referred to informally as a "URL" (uniform resource locator), although technically the two terms are not exactly synonymous – or by clicking an RSS icon in a browser that initiates the subscription process. The RSS reader checks the user's subscribed feeds regularly for new work, downloads any updates that it finds, and provides a user interface to monitor and read the feeds. RSS formats are specified using XML, a generic specification for the creation of data formats. Although RSS formats have evolved since March 1999, the RSS icon ("") first gained widespread use between 2005 and 2006. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS (8-10-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Built in RSS Feeds allow users to subscribe to the entire KB's contents, a specific category, and/or a specific article!" http://www.activecampaign.com/knowledgebuilder/index.php (8-16-09) (2) "RSS is by no means a failure, but few would dispute that it never reached the penetration of email." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-inventing-semantic-web%E2%80%A6again.html (8-27-09) (3) "Really Simple Syndication (RSS) allows Web users to view some of your site's content without actually having to visit your site directly." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 78) ---------- SaaS = Software as a Service Software as a Service (SaaS, typically pronounced 'sass') is a model of software deployment whereby a provider licenses an application to customers for use as a service on demand. SaaS software vendors may host the application on their own web servers or download the application to the consumer device, disabling it after use or after the on-demand contract expires. The on-demand function may be handled internally to share licenses within a firm or by a third-party application service provider (ASP) sharing licenses between firms. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service (8-11-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Software as a service: Alfresco, Sensenet 6.0, WHACK CMS, MiaCMS, MMBase, TYPO3, MySource Matrix (Squiz), WordPress, DotNetNuke, My Managed CMS and others" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_content_management_system (8-13-09) (2) "Network computing, Software as a Service (SaaS) business models, distributed computing applications, and grid computing are all part of this Web 3.0 movement-- the data, applications, and processing of software are all becoming virtual, shared, and open as services hosted within clusters of adaptive service clouds." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 30) SAWSDL = Semantic Association for Web Service Description Language Semantic Association for Web Service Description Language (SAWSDL) is a W3C standard for annotating service-oriented architecture Web services with RDF or OWL (or any other ontology) metadata to aid in the simpler discovery of services. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 230) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Additionally, because Web services generally work with application-specific XML data, whereas the semantic clients deal with semantic data, e.g. in RDF, SAWSDL introduces two attributes that carry pointers to the necessary lifting and lowering (from XML to RDF and vice versa) data transformations." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-lightweight-semantic-extensions-soa.html (8-24-09) Scala A general purpose programming language designed to express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and type-safe way. It smoothly integrates features of object-oriented and functional languages, enabling Java and other programmers to be more productive. Code sizes are typically reduced by a factor of two to three when compared to an equivalent Java application. REFERENCES: http://www.scala-lang.org/ (8-9-09) SearchMonkey A certain semantic search engine. It is by Yahoo! [GBL APPENDIX 4] REFERENCES: http://www.cmswire.com/cms/web-content/the-semantic-web-is-here-xml-calais-and-searchmonkey-002915.php#evt-never (8-7-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://developer.yahoo.com/searchmonkey/ (8-12-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Yahoo!’s Search Monkey and Google’s Rich Snippets are both examples of simple XML bits that you can add to your pages to enhance your results listing on their engines." http://www.adaptivepath.com/blog/2009/06/19/the-semantic-web/ (8-25-09) semantic web The Semantic Web is the extension of the World Wide Web that enables people to share content beyond the boundaries of applications and websites. It has been described in rather different ways: as a utopic vision, as a web of data, or merely as a natural paradigm shift in our daily use of the Web. Most of all, the Semantic Web has inspired and engaged many people to create innovative semantic technologies and applications. REFERENCES: http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Main_Page (8-11-09) semantic web language Any new programming language or data language that uses RDF or OWL can be considered a Semantic Web language. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 87) semantic web service Semantic Web Services, like conventional web services, are the server end of a client-server system for machine-to-machine interaction via the World Wide Web. Semantic services are a component of the semantic web because they use markup which makes data machine-readable in a detailed and sophisticated way (as compared with human-readable HTML which is usually not easily "understood" by computer programs). REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web_Services (8-11-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Developing Semantic Web Services [ILLUSTRATED] (Paperback) by H. Peter Alesso (Author), Craig F. Smith (Author)" http://www.amazon.com/Developing-Semantic-Services-Peter-Alesso/dp/1568812124 (8-14-09) semantic wiki ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "I consider myself firstly a fan and evangelist of semantic wikis and secondly a provider of technologies and solutions that offer those capabilities to enterprises." http://www.semanticuniverse.com/blogs-semantic-wikis-enterprise-sanjiva-nath.html (8-22-09) semiotics Semiotics, also called semiotic studies or semiology, is the study of sign processes (semiosis), or signification and communication, signs and symbols, both individually and grouped into sign systems. It includes the study of how meaning is constructed and understood. Semioticians classify signs or sign systems in relation to the way they are transmitted (see modality). This process of carrying meaning depends on the use of codes that may be the individual sounds or letters that humans use to form words, the body movements they make to show attitude or emotion, or even something as general as the clothes they wear. To coin a word to refer to a thing (see lexical words), the community must agree on a simple meaning (a denotative meaning) within their language. But that word can transmit that meaning only within the language's grammatical structures and codes (see syntax and semantics). Codes also represent the values of the culture, and are able to add new shades of connotation to every aspect of life. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics (8-12-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "I thought some folks here might be interested in a piece I just published called "RDFS Idioms for the Working Semiotician."" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/4ed2ae2de4036949 (8-12-09) SemWeb = Semantic Web EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "In Search of Tags Lost: Combining Social Bookmarking and SemWeb Technologies - 01/20/09" http://semanticuniverse.com/semanticuniverse-all-articles.html (8-23-09) SEO = search engine optimization The process of improving the volume or quality of traffic to a web site from search engines via "natural" ("organic" or "algorithmic") search results. Typically, the earlier a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, and industry-specific vertical search engines. This gives a web site web presence. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization (8-10-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Recommended Drupal modules for SEO" http://drupaltutorials.com/books/recommended-modules (8-11-09) (2) "All of it is not that terrible - wenever complained about SEO industry who's whole purpose is to give producer's data to search engines in the way it's easiest for them to understand." (8-11-09) http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/6ef2fa30f7b4c969 (3) "Understanding Semantics and Its Impact on SEO - WebProNews - 08/14/09" http://semanticuniverse.com/semanticuniverse-industry-news.html (8-16-09) (4) "Thanks to google and the SEO industry many web services have gotten religion about tagging." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/d1832233337dcb50 (8-16-09) serialization Applied to computerized data, serialization is the conversion of unordered data into sequential/serial/consecutive/ordered data. For example, the unordered set of data {author, Jeff-Pollock, is-a} when serialized into a meaningful triple of the form ( ) would look like (Jeff-Pollock is-a author). EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "I've yet to see a KMS serialization that was designed with people in mind." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/858ef3d0f6b4c439 (8-18-09) (2) "Because Clojure compiles to Java bytecode, it's very easy to call Java libraries (I started with Jena and Sesame) for things like serialization or disk-based triple stores. http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/d184674ca516f9fe" (8-18-09) (3) "The descriptions are given in a certain order; in other words, the XML syntax imposes a serialization." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 70) (4) "The layer cake gave us unreadable serializations. The ugly RDF/XML was only the start, to be followed by the even worse serialization of OWL in RDF in XML - that even hints at a RDF-OWL compatibility that isn't there. We have to stop this before someone comes up with a serialization of Prolog in RIF in RDF in XML!" http://www.valentinzacharias.de/blog/2007/04/ban-semantic-web-layer-cake.html (8-22-09) Service-Oriented Architecture = SOA A service-oriented architecture is essentially a collection of services. These services communicate with each other. The communication can involve either simple data passing or it could involve two or more services coordinating some activity. Some means of connecting services to each other is needed. Service-oriented architectures are not a new thing. The first service-oriented architecture for many people in the past was with the use DCOM or Object Request Brokers (ORBs) based on the CORBA specification. In computing, service-oriented architecture (SOA) provides a set of principles of governing concepts used during phases of systems development and integration. Such an architecture will package functionality as interoperable services: functions provided as a service are available to be used from systems created by other organizations. Service-orientation requires loose coupling of services with operating systems, and other technologies that underlie applications. SOA separates functions into distinct units, or services, which developers make accessible over a network in order that users can combine and reuse them in the production of applications. These services communicate with each other by passing data from one service to another, or by coordinating an activity between two or more services. REFERENCES: http://www.service-architecture.com/web-services/articles/service-oriented_architecture_soa_definition.html (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture (8-7-09) SES ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Semantic Technology and Search - SES San Jose 2009 Coverage - Search Engine Journal" http://www.semanticuniverse.com/industry-news-semantic-technology-and-search-ses-san-jose-2009-coverage-search-engine-journal.html (8-22-09) SESA = Semantically Enabled Service-Oriented Architectures A concept believed to be the next step of technology development for the Semantic Web and Semantic Web services, The goal is automated support for the complete life- and production cycle of Service-Oriented Architectures. REFERENCES: http://www.wsmo.org/TR/d17/sesa-tutorial/ (8-7-09) Sesame An open source framework for storage, inferencing and querying of RDF data. Sesame is an open source RDF database with support for RDF Schema inferencing and querying. Originally, it was developed by Aduna (then known as Aidministrator) as a research prototype for the EU research project On-To-Knowledge. Now, it is further developed and maintained by Aduna in cooperation with NLnet Foundation, developers from OntoText, and a number of volunteer developers who contribute ideas, bug reports and fixes. Sesame has been designed with flexibility in mind. It can be deployed on top of a variety of storage systems (relational databases, in-memory, filesystems, keyword indexers, etc.), and offers a large scala of tools to developers to leverage the power of RDF and RDF Schema, such as a flexible access API, which supports both local and remote (through HTTP, SOAP or RMI) access, and several query languages, of which SeRQL is the most powerful one. REFERENCES: http://www.openrdf.org/ (8-8-09) http://www.semantic-web.at/1.11.resource.124.sesame.htm (8-8-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Because Clojure compiles to Java bytecode, it's very easy to call Java libraries (I started with Jena and Sesame) for things like serialization or disk-based triple stores. http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/d184674ca516f9fe" (8-18-09) (2) "All data are subsequently stored in Sesame, an RDF database." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 193) SGML = Standard Generalized Markup Language The Standard Generalized Markup Language (ISO 8879:1986 SGML) is an ISO-standard technology, per ISO Annex A.2, for defining generalized markup languages for documents. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language (8-21-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Almost 10 years ago, XML was wrought from SGML as a way to give structure to documents and messages." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 64) (2) "XML (extensible markup language) is another SGML application, and its development was driven by shortcomings of HTML." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 25) (3) "OASIS was first formed as SGML Open in 1993 as a trade association of SGML tool vendors to cooperatively promote the adoption of SGML through mainly educational activities, though some amount of technical activity was also pursued including an update of the CALS Table Model specification and specifications for fragment interchange and entity management." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OASIS_(organization) (8-29-09) SHER = Scalable Highly Expressive Reasoner A breakthrough technology that provides ontology analytics (OWL-DL without nominals) over highly expressive ontologies. REFERENCES: http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research_projects.nsf/pages/iaa.index.html (8-9-09) SHOE = Simple HTML Ontology Extensions A prototype ontology language for the Web. SHOE is used to develop extensible shared ontologies and create assertions that commit to particular ontologies. SHOE can be reduced to datalog, allowing it to scale to the extent allowed by the optimized algorithms developed for deductive databases. A language that allows web pages to be annotated with semantics, and to describe its syntax and semantics. REFERENCES: http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/pubs/ (8-7-09) http://www.cse.lehigh.edu/~heflin/pubs/swbook03.pdf (8-7-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "These included languages based on HTML (called SHOE), XML (called XOL, later OIL), and various frame-based KR languages and knowledge acquisition approaches." http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Web-Ontology-Language (8-29-09) SI = Semantic Integration EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "My blog on the new Semantic Universe is dedicated to exploring and explaining the emerging realm of Semantic Integration (SI)." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-understanding-semantic-value-proposition.html (8-27-09) silo = information silo An information silo is a management system incapable of reciprocal operation with other, related management systems. With department specialization came a silo operational culture for many large organizations. The silo effect is characterized by a lack of communication or common goals between departments in an organization. A bank's management system, for example, is considered a silo if it cannot exchange information with other related systems within its own organization, or with the management systems of its customers, vendors or business partners. "Information silo" is a pejorative expression that is useful for describing the absence of operational reciprocity. Derived variants are "silo thinking", "silo vision", and "silo mentality". The expression is typically applied to management systems where the focus is inward and information communication is vertical. Critics of silos contend that managers serve as information gatekeepers, making timely coordination and communication among departments difficult to achieve, and seamless interoperability with external parties impractical. They hold that silos tend to limit productivity in practically all organizations, provide greater opportunity for security lapses and privacy breaches, and frustrate consumers who increasingly expect information to be immediately available and complete. Although much has been written about them, information silos are becoming far more recognized as the major reason why organizations are unable to take full advantage of the Internet's power to interconnect business processes. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_silo (8-28-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "In short, the Semantic Web can help smash the silos of data that currently cost the enterprise time and money to make interoperable." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 66) (2) "The potential for semantic Web technologies via the RDF data model and OWL and ontologies for finally breaking down the barriers between data silos was hammered and probed." http://www.mkbergman.com/494/must-see-semweb/ (8-25-09) (3) "In the middle are silo after silo of disparate and sometimes conflicting data stored on far-flung systems." http://semanticuniverse.com/presentations-impact-semantic-services-integrated-justice.html (8-26-09) (4) "Data isn't worth much until it's free -- freed from the silo it's locked up in, and used in a mashup that creates valuable new resources for you and others." http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3753646/Sir+Tim+Talks+Up+Linked+Open+Data+Movement.htm (8-29-09) Siri Siri is software for the iPhone that answers questions and carries out tasks in response to spoken questions. REFERENCES: http://www.brandon-hall.com/workplacelearningtoday/?p=5974 (8-16-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.siri.com/ (8-16-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Why Siri - a virtual assistant - is possible - Vator.tv" http://semanticuniverse.com/learning.html (8-16-09) (2) "OPENING KEYNOTE (Double Bill!): The Game Changer: Siri, a Virtual Personal Assistant" http://www.semantic-conference.com/ (8-21-09) (3) "Tom Gruber talked about his newest project: SIRI." http://ivan-herman.name/2009/06/19/semtech2009-impression/ (8-25-09) SKOS = Simple Knowledge Organization System An area of work developing specifications and standards to support the use of knowledge organization systems (KOS) such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading systems and taxonomies within the framework of the Semantic Web. SKOS provides a standard way to represent knowledge organization systems using the Resource Description Framework (RDF). A family of formal languages designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. SKOS is built upon RDF and RDFS, and its main objective is to enable easy publication of controlled structured vocabularies for the Semantic Web. SKOS is currently developed within the W3C framework. REFERENCES: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/ (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture (8-10-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The idioms defined above offer the advantages over SKOS of using RDFS inferencing to infer the meaning of a sign through the semiotic domain which SKOS does not." http://phaneron.rickmurphy.org/?p=35 (8-12-09) (2) "RDF(S), RDFa, OWL, SPARQL, etc, have become household names; newer specs like SKOS or POWDER may not have been as widely referred to yet, but I am sure that will come, too." http://ivan-herman.name/2009/06/19/semtech2009-impression/ (3) "Last week the World Wide Web Consortium (news, site) announced a new standard that connects simple knowledge organization systems (SKOS) like classifications, taxonomies, folksonomies, etc. with the linked data community." http://www.cmswire.com/cms/web-development/w3c-tries-to-unify-knowledge-with-new-skos-standard-005388.php (8-28-09) SOA = service-oriented architecture In computing, service-oriented architecture (SOA) provides a set of principles of governing concepts used during phases of systems development and integration. Such an architecture will package functionality as interoperable services: functions provided as a service are available to be used from systems created by other organizations. A system implemented using the theory contained in this article is called a Service Oriented Architecture implementation. It is an attempt to develop yet another means for applications to exchange data. Service-orientation requires loose coupling of services with operating systems, and other technologies that underlie applications. SOA separates functions into distinct units, or services, which developers make accessible over a network in order that users can combine and reuse them in the production of applications. These services communicate with each other by passing data from one service to another, or by coordinating an activity between two or more services. SOA can be seen as a sort of continuum (theory), as opposed to distributed computing or modular programming. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture (8-19-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) promises to restructure enterprise applications into flexible combinations of reusable atoms of computation and BPM stands ready to orchestrate those services at the beck and call of business leaders." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-how-can-semantics-help-us-achieve-model-driven-everything.html (8-27-09) SOAP = Simple Object Access Protocol SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks. It relies on Extensible Markup Language (XML) as its message format, and usually relies on other Application Layer protocols (most notably Remote Procedure Call (RPC) and HTTP) for message negotiation and transmission. SOAP can form the foundation layer of a web services protocol stack, providing a basic messaging framework upon which web services can be built. As a layman's example of how SOAP procedures can be used, a SOAP message could be sent to a web service enabled web site (for example, a house price database) with the parameters needed for a search. The site would then return an XML-formatted document with the resulting data (prices, location, features, etc). Because the data is returned in a standardized machine-parseable format, it could then be integrated directly into a third-party site. The SOAP architecture consists of several layers of specifications for message format, message exchange patterns (MEP), underlying transport protocol bindings, message processing models, and protocol extensibility. SOAP is the successor of XML-RPC, though it borrows its transport and interaction neutrality and the envelope/header/body from elsewhere (probably from WDDX). REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP (8-28-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The new version of SOAP makes it more practical to encode RDF data right in a SOAP message (Ogbuji 2002)." "Explorer's Guide to the Semantic Web" (Thomas B. Passin, 2004, p. 177) SPARQL = SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language A method and query language for using a Web service to access an RDF dataset. An RDF query language; its name is a recursive acronym that stands for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language. It was standardized by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium, and is considered a key semantic web technology. On 15 January 2008, SPARQL became an official W3C Recommendation. SPARQL allows for a query to consist of triple patterns, conjunctions, disjunctions, and optional patterns. REFERENCES: http://agtivity.com/def/sparql_protocol_and_rdf_query_language.htm (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL (8-7-09) species A sublanguage, especially when applied to the OWL language. W3C uses the term "sublanguage" but the popular equivalent term in the semantic web community is "species." REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 184) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "OWL Lite is a species of the OWL ontology language. It is a sublanguage of OWL DL and was originally intended to provide a significantly simpler formalism in terms of computational complexity. This, however, has largely failed, and OWL Lite is almost as complex as OWL DL. The practically relevant species of OWL therefore today are OWL DL and OWL Full." http://semanticweb.org/wiki/OWL_Lite (2) "Allemang and Hendler accomplish this without relying on a lot of mathematical mumbo-jumbo-- the first mention of the confusing OWL 'species' doesn't come until Chapter 13." http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Web-Working-Ontologist-Effective/product-reviews/0123735564/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) SPIN Rules ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Another question was if you know how SPIN Rules (TopQuadrant) compare to the RIF dialects CORE, BLD and PRD?" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/db05b5b6f4bfebd7 (9-25-09) SUMO = Suggested Upper Merged Ontology A certain ontology. [GBL APPENDIX 6] The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) and its domain ontologies form the largest formal public ontology in existence today. They are being used for research and applications in search, linguistics and reasoning. SUMO is the only formal ontology that has been mapped to all of the WordNet lexicon. SUMO is written in the SUO-KIF language. SUMO is free and owned by the IEEE. The ontologies that extend SUMO are available under GNU General Public License. The SUMO provides a foundation for middle-level and domain ontologies, and its purpose is to promote data interoperability, information retrieval, automated inference, and natural language processing. The SUMO consists of approximately 4,000 assertions (including over 800 rules) and 1,000 concepts. The SUMO is designed to be relatively small so that these assertions and concepts will be easy to understand and apply. Some of the general topics covered in the SUMO include: o Structural concepts such as instance and subclass o General types of objects and processes o Abstractions including set theory, attributes, and relations o Numbers and measures o Temporal concepts, such as duration o Parts and wholes o Basic semiotic relations o Agency and intentionality. REFERENCES: http://www.semantic-web.at/1.11.resource.216.sumo.htm (8-7-09) http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html (8-7-09) SW = Semantic Web (Not to be confused with SW = S/W = software.) REFERENCES: http://www.cryer.co.uk/glossary/s/ (8-24-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "First, let's make it clear that I am at most an advanced beginner WRT SW. I spent several months studying, applying, and extending SW technologies (into an Enterprise stack) about 3 years ago." http://groups.google.com/group/swma/browse_thread/thread/cd6d49c5ba7d6be8 (8-12-09) (2) "A year later I met someone who explained to me that RDF (and SW) is about serializing semantic networks into triples and that reading XML/RDF is actually only for masochists." http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Web-Working-Ontologist-Effective/product-reviews/0123735564/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) (3) "Application area of SW technologies: improved search, content discovery, and data integration" http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/ (8-23-09) (4) "New SW Use Case by KISTI" http://semanticuniverse.com/industry-news-new-sw-use-case-kisti.html (8-23-09) (5) "What I understood from "AI is a field vs SW is a project" is that AI is a field that deals with developing theory whereas SW deals with trying to solve some practical problems and sometimes it applies the theories developed in various fields and sometimes its just organic in that it just creates/fits parts that just seem to fit." http://semweb.meetup.com/32/messages/boards/thread/7274284 (8-25-09) Swoogle A search engine for Semantic Web documents, terms and data found on the Web. Swoogle employs a system of crawlers to discover RDF documents and HTML documents with embedded RDF content. Swoogle reasons about these documents and their constituent parts (e.g., terms and triples) and records and indexes meaningful metadata about them in its database. Swoogle provides services to human users through a browser interface and to software agents via web services. Several techniques are used to rank query results inspired by the PageRank algorithm developed at Google but adapted to the semantics and use patterns found in semantic web documents. Swoogle was developed at and is hosted by the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) with funding from the US DARPA and National Science Foundation agencies. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swoogle (8-11-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://swoogle.umbc.edu/ (8-11-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The following vocabularies and ontologies are currently described on semanticweb.org, ordered by the occurrence on the web as estimated by Swoogle." http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Ontology (8-11-09) SWRL = Semantic Web Rule Language Not yet approved, this language proposal is part of the Rule Interchange Format Working Group at the Semantic Web. SWRL is a working draft of a rule language that offers more complex and powerful rule extensions to OWL. It's proposed in such a way that it can leverage OWL classes and individuals within rule definitions. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 330) SXSW = South by Southwest South by Southwest (SXSW) is a set of interactive, film, and music festivals and conferences that take place every spring in Austin, Texas. SXSW first began in 1987 and is centered on the downtown Austin Convention Center. Each of the three parts runs relatively independently, with different start and end dates. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest (8-19-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Juan recently identified SXSW as an event that potentially could be relevant to the Semantic Web community." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/c0cf5f47e0244621 (8-19-09) (2) "The SXSW festival, traditionally known as a showcase for music & film, has also become one of the most high profile Interactive conferences." http://scattergather.razorfish.com/667/2009/08/17/content-takes-stage-sxsw-2010-panel-picker/ (8-23-09) ---------- tagging Using tags. In online computer systems terminology, a tag is a non-hierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece of information (such as an internet bookmark, digital image, or computer file). This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching. Tags are chosen informally and personally by the item's creator or by its viewer, depending on the system. Tagging was popularized by websites associated with Web 2.0 and is an important feature of many Web 2.0 services. It is now also part of some desktop software. Many blog systems allow authors to add free-form tags to a post, along with (or instead of) placing the post into categories. For example, a post may display that it has been tagged with baseball and tickets. Each of those tags is usually a web link leading to an index page listing all of the posts associated with that tag. The blog may have a sidebar listing all the tags in use on that blog, with each tag leading to an index page. To reclassify a post, an author edits its list of tags. All connections between posts are automatically tracked and updated by the blog software; there is no need to relocate the page within a complex hierarchy of categories. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_(metadata) (8-8-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Tagging: People-powered Metadata for the Social Web (Voices That Matter) (Paperback) by Gene Smith" http://www.amazon.com/Tagging-People-powered-Metadata-Social-Voices/dp/0321529170/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1249928884&sr=1-1 (8-10-09) (2) "New ways to harness community tagging projects (where groups of people create hierarchies of tags) allow people to build folksonomies, which are vocabularies that evolve much like natural language evolves--in small pockets of communities." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 94) (3) "Here's how search engines get away without being less semantic. Essentially, they get away with users tagging the pages in all ways becasue they want pages to show up." http://vator.tv/news/show/2009-08-05-why-search-engines-are-far-from-smart (8-16-09) (4) "The challenge, experts say, is in finding a way to represent all data so that when it is connected to the web, links to other relevant information can be recognised and established — a bit like the process known as "tagging"." http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article3532832.ece (8-29-09) TBL = Tim Berners-Lee EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "TBL in the BBC" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/topics?start=30&sa=N (8-9-09) (2) "TBL's original vision of the Web was much more ambitious than the reality of the existing (syntactic) Web:" 204.178.16.26/who/pfps/talks/owl-tutorial/introduction.ppt (8-9-09) (3) "TBL: Not really, but the takeup by the search engines is interesting." http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/readwriteweb_interview_with_tim_berners-lee_part_2.php (8-22-09) Tbox In Computer Science, a TBox is a "terminological component"—a vocabulary associated with a set of facts ABox. The terms ABox and TBox are used to describe two different types of statements in ontologies. TBox statements describe a system in terms of controlled vocabularies, for example, a set of classes and properties. ABox are TBox-compliant statements about that vocabulary. TBox statements tend to be more definitional in nature such as a dictionary of words. TBox statements are sometimes associated with object-oriented classes and ABox statements associated with instances of those classes. Together ABox and TBox statements make up a knowledge base. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbox (8-9-09) TDWI = The Data Warehousing Institute™ TDWI (The Data Warehousing Institute™) provides education, training, certification, news, and research for executives and information technology (IT) professionals worldwide. Founded in 1995, TDWI is the premier educational institute for business intelligence and data warehousing. REFERENCES: http://www.tdwi.org/ (8-21-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.tdwi.org/ (8-21-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "thank you for the link, do you have experience with TDWI?" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-19-09) TextWise A company that developed the first scalable, automated, semantic similarity search technology enabling the web to move from matching keywords to a meaning-based foundation. TextWise’s semantic technology would enable major search/content players to index, match and retrieve disparate content and enable other applications that leverage the meaning of content. Indexing content with semantic descriptions enables any application to both discern what the content is about and to provide highly relevant matching, concept tagging and categorization. REFERENCES: http://www.crunchbase.com/company/textwise (8-8-09) Thomson Reuters A certain global publishing giant. They are sponsoring Calais. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 355) OFFICIAL SITE: http://thomsonreuters.com/ (8-12-09) Topaz Topaz is a powerful object to RDF persistence and query service. Based loosely on the ORM family of software, Topaz lets you develop persistent classes following object-oriented concepts such as inheritance, composition, association, etc. Besides allowing use of the underlying RDF store's native query language, Topaz provides its own language (OQL), which applications can utilize to query based on defined objects. REFERENCES: http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Topaz (8-16-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Yes, I do work for them, but to date my responsibilities have been entirely around Mulgara and Topaz (the object repository system used by Public Library of Science)." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/885c1576f638d47f (8-15-09) (2) "PLoS ONE is built upon the innovative technologies of Topaz, Fedora, and Mulgara, providing an open publishing platform that combines an online scientific journal with community features such as annotations, discussions, ratings and tags." http://www.fedora-commons.org/about/examples/plos (8-15-09) TopBraid Composer The Composer tool comes in multiple editions and is more than just a modeling tool: It's like a toolbox for developing complete Semantic Web applications. Beyond the class modeling, data modeling, SPARQL queries, and source code editing, the Composer tool also enables data source map- pings, geography mapping, form generation, scripting, and various conver- sion utilities for XML and e-mail messages. "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 234) TopQuadrant ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "TopQuadrant is a long-time pioneer in the Semantic Web field." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 234) (2) "Another question was if you know how SPIN Rules (TopQuadrant) compare to the RIF dialects CORE, BLD and PRD?" http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/db05b5b6f4bfebd7 (9-25-09) TripIt ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The technology at the heart of TripIt is the Itinerator, which is TripIt's patent-pending and proprietary Semantic Web technology for automatically creating itineraries from travel confirmation e-mails." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 349) (2) "Consumer-facing sites such as Freebase, TripIt, True Knowledge, Twine and others have had some success in attracting attention and investment, and discussion of ‘Linked Data’ is now moving beyond enthusiastic experimentation toward a mode in which viable business models are beginning to emerge." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-bringing-semantic-technologies-enterprise-data.html (8-29-09) triplestore = triple store A triplestore is a purpose-built database for the storage and retrieval of Resource Description Framework (RDF) metadata. Much like a relational database, one stores information in a triplestore and retrieves it via a query language. Unlike a relational database, a triplestore is optimized for the storage and retrieval of many short statements called triples, in the form of subject-predicate-object, like "Bob is 35" or "Bob knows Fred". Some triplestores can store billions of triples. There exist multiple vendors of triplestores. [GBL APPENDIX 12] REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplestore (8-8-09) Turtle = Terse RDF Triple Language A more verbose subset of N3, and an extension of N-Triples. This particular serialization is popular among developers of the Semantic Web. Consequently, many tools are available to support this format. Turtle files typically have a .ttl extension. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 170) Twine Twine is an online, social web service for information storage, authoring and discovery. Created by Radar Networks, the service was announced on October 19, 2007 and remained closed beta until it was opened to the public on October 21, 2008. Twine combines features of forums, wikis, online databases and newsgroups and employs intelligent software to automatically mine and store data relationships expressed using RDF statements. Twine is an interest networking Web site designed to let people share links, comments, files, and more about topics they're interested in. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twine_(website) (8-13-09) "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 340) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.twine.com/ (8-13-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Twine is an interest networking Web site designed to let people share links, comments, files, and more about topics they're interested in. " "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 340) (2) "Some examples: Twine, Revyu, Faviki, …" http://www.w3.org/2009/Talks/05-Oz-IntroSW-IH/Slides.pdf (8-25-09) (3) "Suddenly, the Semantic Web isn’t just inside an application like Twine." http://blogs.zdnet.com/semantic-web/?p=112 (8-29-09) Twitter Twitter is a free social networking and micro-blogging service that enables its users to send and read messages known as tweets. Tweets are text-based posts of up to 140 characters displayed on the author's profile page and delivered to the author's subscribers who are known as followers. Senders can restrict delivery to those in their circle of friends or, by default, allow open access. Users can send and receive tweets via the Twitter website, Short Message Service (SMS) or external applications. While the service costs nothing to use, accessing it through SMS may incur phone service provider fees. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter (8-16-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://twitter.com/ (8-16-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The adoption of semantic technology by companies won’t come about just because it’s cool or because its discussed on Twitter." http://www.expertsystem.net/blog/?p=93 (8-16-09) (2) "SemanticTweet.com - The Semantic Web & Twitter - KillerStartups.com - 08/13/09" http://semanticuniverse.com/semanticuniverse-industry-news.html (8-16-09) (3) "Flying home from the Semantic Technology Conference 2009 (#semtech2009 on Twitter), I have to confess that I'm drunk on the Kool-Aid." http://www.chiefmartec.com/2009/06/marketers-the-web-of-data-is-inevitable.html (8-25-09) ---------- UDDI = Universal Description, Discovery and Integration Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) is a platform-independent, Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based registry for businesses worldwide to list themselves on the Internet. UDDI is an open industry initiative, sponsored by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), enabling businesses to publish service listings and discover each other and define how the services or software applications interact over the Internet. A UDDI business registration consists of three components: White Pages — address, contact, and known identifiers; Yellow Pages — industrial categorizations based on standard taxonomies; Green Pages — technical information about services exposed by the business. UDDI was originally proposed as a core Web service standard. It is designed to be interrogated by Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) messages and to provide access to Web Services Description Language (WSDL) documents describing the protocol bindings and message formats required to interact with the web services listed in its directory. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Description_Discovery_and_Integration (8-27-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "SOAP, WSDL, UDDI, and BPEL4LAWS are the standard technology combina- tioun to build a Web service application. However, they fail to achieve the goals of automation and interoperability because they require humans in the loop." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 211) UML = Unified Modeling Language A standardized general-purpose modeling language in the field of software engineering. UML includes a set of graphical notation techniques to create abstract models of specific systems. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language (8-9-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The issue with trying to describe the problem in terms of notation/technique (UML, ERDs, Flowcharts, etc) is that sometimes people get keyed up in the "what's the best notation" realm instead of "what's the best way to model" discussion." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) (2) "For example, a data modeling tool might be used for Logical and Physical Models, while a UML class diagram might be used for the Conceptual model." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-data-rationalization-next-step-semantic-resolution.html (8-25-09) URI = uniform resource identifier An identifier for a resource, such as on a computer network such as the Web or the Internet. REFERENCES: http://agtivity.com/def/uniform_resource_identifier.htm (8-7-09) use case Case studies include descriptions of systems that have been deployed within an organization, and are now being used within a production environment. Use cases include examples where an organization has built a prototype system, but it is not currently being used by business functions. REFERENCES: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/ (9-25-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Berners-Lee's watershed article in Scientific American (which he's subsequently backed away from) seems to be as close as we've come to a coherent vision or even to meaningful set of use-cases." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/858ef3d0f6b4c439/a82ab5749c7e1e34#a82ab5749c7e1e34 (8-15-09) (2) "In addition to hearing and seeing many new use cases and case studies, the call for commercialization was clear, as was the amount of enthusiasm among the technologists doing good and exciting work." http://www.w3.org/QA/2009/06/reflections_on_semtech_2009.html (8-16-09) (3) "As a data modeler, we first choose a particular domain of problems to be addressed through requirement gathering, conceptual analysis and design, DFDs vs. use cases, ERDs vs.UML, etc. without thinking about the physical implementation of the data models." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/310a0f488daad5b6 (8-18-09) (4) "Use Cases Dictate How You Adopt the Semantic Web Designing Semantic Web applications involves a much more sophisticated and forward-thinking set of use cases than traditional web applications do. Find out why. by Alex Genadinik" http://www.devx.com/semantic/Article/42350/0/page/1 (8-18-09) (5) "Kisti, in Korea, has provided a W3C Semantic Web Use Case on the OntoFrame 2008 semantic portal service on academic research." http://www.semanticuniverse.com/industry-news-new-sw-use-case-kisti.html (8-22-09) ---------- VC (1) venture capital (2) venture capitalist REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital (8-18-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Fred Wilson, a prominent NY-based VC, on his portfolio companies working in the Semantic Web space." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/d1832233337dcb50 (8-19-09) (2) "Outside of the venue, I heard from some of my prior Silicon Valley colleagues that this was the most constrained VC situation they have seen in decades." http://www.mkbergman.com/494/must-see-semweb/ (8-25-09) VoCamp vocamp.org is an informal event for a small group of people to build lightweight vocabularies or ontologies for semantic web use. They can be personal or project oriented. VoCamp is a series of informal events where people can spend some dedicated time creating lightweight vocabularies/ontologies for the Semantic Web/Web of Data. REFERENCES: http://twitter.com/VoCamp (8-12-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://vocamp.org/wiki/Main_Page (8-12-09) ---------- W3C = World Wide Web Consortium = W3 Consortium REFERENCES: http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-rdf-simple-intro-971113.html (8-29-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "To be fair, part of the problem, from what I gather by its absense in the book, is that the W3C semantic web technologies are not even attempting to solve any part of the ultimate problem of semantic analysis: natural language understanding." http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Web-Services-Knowledge-Management/product-reviews/0471432571/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) (2) "However, the Web Ontology Working Group of W3C identified a number of characteristic use cases of the Semantic Web that would require much more expressiveness than RDF and RDF Schema offer." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 113) WCMS = Web CMS = web-content-management system A web-content-management system (WCMS or Web CMS) is content management system (CMS) software, usually implemented as a Web application, for creating and managing HTML content. It is used to manage and control a large, dynamic collection of Web material (HTML documents and their associated images). A WCMS facilitates content creation, content control, editing, and many essential Web maintenance functions. Usually the software provides authoring (and other) tools designed to allow users with little or no knowledge of programming languages or markup languages to create and manage content with relative ease of use. Most systems use a database to store content, metadata, and/or artifacts that might be needed by the system. Content is frequently, but not universally, stored as XML, to facilitate reuse and enable flexible presentation options. A presentation layer displays the content to regular Web-site visitors based on a set of templates. The templates are sometimes XSLT files. Most systems also use some form of server side caching which enables a boost of performance. This works best when the WCMS is not intended to be changed often but visits happen on a regular basis. Administration is typically done through browser-based interfaces, but some systems require the use of a fat client. Unlike Web-site builders like Microsoft FrontPage or Adobe Dreamweaver, a WCMS allows non-technical users to make changes to an existing website with little or no training. A WCMS typically requires an experienced coder to set up and add features, but is primarily a Web-site maintenance tool for non-technical administrators. Web content management systems began to be formally developed as commercial software products in the mid 1990s. In the mid 2000s, the web content management market became a fragmented market as a plethora of new providers emerged to complement the traditional vendors. These web content management systems are typically broken down into several groups: o Software as a service: Alfresco, Sensenet 6.0, WHACK CMS, MiaCMS, MMBase, TYPO3, MySource Matrix (Squiz), WordPress, DotNetNuke, My Managed CMS and others o Enterprise: WebGUI, WHACK CMS, Ektron, Sitecore, FatWire, Vignette, Interwoven, Documentum, MySource Matrix (Squiz), Alfresco, Oracle dotCMS, SDL Tridion Nstein WCM by Nstein Technologies, and others o Mid-market: Expression Engine, Cookie Jar, Microsoft SharePoint, Kentico, Goss Interactive, PaperThin, Ingeniux, Terapad, Cascade Server,Day Software, Logical CMS and others o Open source: WebGUI, Magnolia, Plone, Joomla, Drupal, dotCMS, Exponent CMS, Alfresco, Sensenet 6.0, MiaCMS, MMBase, TYPO3, MySource Matrix (Squiz), WordPress, DotNetNuke and others. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_content_management_system (8-13-09) Web 2.0 "Web 2.0" refers to the second generation of web development and web design that facilitates information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design and collaboration on the World Wide Web. The advent of Web 2.0 led to the development and evolution of web-based communities, hosted services, and web applications. Examples include social-networking sites, video-sharing sites, wikis, blogs, mashups and folksonomies. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0 (8-13-09) Web 3.0 The predicted third generation of the World Wide Web, usually conjectured to include semantic tagging of content. REFERENCES: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Web_3.0 (8-15-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Before reading this book I thought that the "semantic web" was just another buzzword like "Web 2.0" or "Web 3.0"." http://www.amazon.com/Programming-Semantic-Web-Toby-Segaran/product-reviews/0596153813/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) WebODE A scalable workbench for ontological engineering that eases the design, development, and management of ontologies and includes middleware services to aid in the integration of ontologies into real-world applications. WEBODE presents a framework to integrate new ontology-based tools and services, where developers only worry about the new logic they want to provide on top of the knowledge stored in their ontologies. REFERENCES: http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/1717 (8-8-09) WebOnto A Java applet coupled with a customised web server which allows users to browse and edit knowledge models over the web. WebOnto is now available as a public service. REFERENCES: http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/webonto/ (8-8-09) wiki A wiki is a website that uses wiki software, allowing the easy creation and editing of any number of interlinked Web pages, using a simplified markup language or a WYSIWYG text editor, within the browser. Wikis are often used to create collaborative websites, to power community websites, and for note taking. The collaborative encyclopedia Wikipedia is one of the best-known wikis. Wikis are used in business to provide intranet and knowledge management systems. Ward Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, originally described it as "the simplest online database that could possibly work." REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki (8-18-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The combination of links, Web sites, wikis, blogs, feeds, social tagging, social bookmarking and search work together to create a Web that scales and works." http://traction.tractionsoftware.com/traction (8-16-09) (2) "The net effect is that TopBraid is flexible enough to be used as a content management system and wiki." "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 363) (3) "Part of this direction involves wikis, collections of Web pages that allow users to add content (usually structured text and hypertext links) via a browser interface." "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. xvii) Wolfram Alpha Wolfram Alpha (also written as WolframAlpha and Wolfram|Alpha) is an answer engine developed by Wolfram Research. It is an online service that answers factual queries directly by computing the answer from structured data, rather than providing a list of documents or web pages that might contain the answer as a search engine might. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Alpha (8-16-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.wolframalpha.com/ (8-16-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "What are your thoughts on how Wolfram Alpha is advancing in their search?" http://vator.tv/news/show/2009-08-05-why-search-engines-are-far-from-smart (8-16-09) (2) "In Part 2 we discuss: how previously reticent search engines like Google and Yahoo have begun to participate in the Semantic Web in 2009, user interfaces for browsing and using data, what Tim Berners-Lee thinks of new computational engine Wolfram Alpha, how e-commerce vendors are moving into the Linked Data world, and finally how the Internet of Things intersects with the Semantic Web." http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/readwriteweb_interview_with_tim_berners-lee_part_2.php (8-16-09) WSDL = Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language (WSDL, pronounced 'wiz-dul' or spelled out, 'W-S-D-L') is an XML-based language that provides a model for describing Web services. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language (8-28-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Although technology-independent, SOA is typically implemented using Web service technologies such as WSDL, SOAP, and the other so-called WS–F standards." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-lightweight-semantic-extensions-soa.html (8-24-09) (2) "Each layer’s functionality is enhanced by WSDL/ UDDI Registry and SOAP that traverse through the DSS." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-semantic-decision-support-system-dss-and-portal-palm-oil-industry.html (8-27-09) (3) "Had it been entirely successful, there would perhaps not be a Web Services Description Language (WSDL) or a SAWDL (Semantic Annotations for WSDL) recommendation for WSDL-S." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-how-can-semantics-help-us-achieve-model-driven-everything.html (8-27-09) WWW = World Wide Web The Internet. REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 91) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "First, they provide a point of compatibility with the WWW." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/858ef3d0f6b4c439 (8-18-09) (2) "In summary, Dr Yu provides us a clear understanding the continued elegance of the WWW and why it will continue to be an even more unassuming but vital part of our every day lives when it becomes the Semantic Web." http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Semantic-Web-Services/product-reviews/1584889330/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) (3) "This book is relevant to all those who suspect "WWW" stands for "World Wide Wait."" http://www.amazon.com/Spinning-Semantic-Web-Bringing-Potential/product-reviews/026256212X/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-21-09) ---------- XLink = XML Linking Language The XML Linking Language, or XLink, is an XML markup language used for creating hyperlinks in XML documents. XLink is a W3C specification that outlines methods of describing links between resources in XML documents, whether internal or external to the original document. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLink (8-14-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "It explains XML and several of its numerous subsets, like XPath, XPointer, XSLT and XLink." http://www.amazon.com/Developing-Semantic-Services-Peter-Alesso/product-reviews/1568812124/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-14-09) XML = Extensible Markup Language XML namespace = xmlns A certain method of using an attribute to avoid element name conflicts in XML. When using prefixes in XML, a so-called namespace for the prefix must be defined. The namespace is defined by the xmlns attribute in the start tag of an element. The namespace declaration has the following syntax. xmlns:prefix="URI". XML Namespaces enable the same document to contain XML elements and attributes taken from different vocabularies, without any naming collisions occurring. Essentially all software which is advertised as supporting XML also supports XML Namespaces. REFERENCES: http://www.w3schools.com/XML/xml_namespaces.asp (8-8-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML (8-10-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) Apples Bananas (2) African Coffee Table 80 120 XHTML = Extensible Hypertext Markup Language REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML (8-8-09) XOL = Ontology Exchange Language ... EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "These included languages based on HTML (called SHOE), XML (called XOL, later OIL), and various frame-based KR languages and knowledge acquisition approaches." http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Web-Ontology-Language (8-29-09) XPath XPath, the XML Path Language, is a query language for selecting nodes from an XML document. In addition, XPath may be used to compute values (e.g., strings, numbers, or Boolean values) from the content of an XML document. XPath was defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The XPath language is based on a tree representation of the XML document, and provides the ability to navigate around the tree, selecting nodes by a variety of criteria. In popular use (though not in the official specification), an XPath expression is often referred to simply as an XPath. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPath (8-9-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "The first part introduces the foundations of XML technologies: the XML language for document markup, DTDs as a type system for XML documents, XML query languages (XPath and XQuery) and XML transformation language XSLT." http://exmo.inrialpes.fr/teaching/sw/ (8-11-09) XPointer XPointer is a system for addressing components of XML based internet media. XPointer is divided among four specifications: a "framework" which forms the basis for identifying XML fragments, a positional element addressing scheme, a scheme for namespaces, and a scheme for XPath-based addressing. XPointer Framework is a recommendation since March 2003. The XPointer language is designed to address structural aspects of XML, including text content and other information objects created as a result of parsing the document. Thus, it could be used to point to a section of a document highlighted by a user through a mouse drag action. REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPointer (8-15-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "It explains XML and several of its numerous subsets, like XPath, XPointer, XSLT and XLink." http://www.amazon.com/Developing-Semantic-Services-Peter-Alesso/product-reviews/1568812124/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-14-09) XSL = Extensible Stylesheet Language XSLT = Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "In this article, we describe an approach to automating the generation of Java™ agent configuration files which leverages the Web Ontology Language (OWL), the SPARQL query language, and Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-leveraging-owl-dl-sparql-and-xslt-automate-java-agent-configuration.html (8-26-09) ---------- Zemanta (1) as a product A platform for assisted on-line content production for any web user. A blog, an article or a web page is fed it into its system which then recognizes the content and returns suggested images, smart links, keywords and relevant related stories from the Internet. It can be referenced from a user’s preferred content publishing platform through a plug-in. (2) as a company The company that produces the Zamanta software product. REFERENCES: http://www.crunchbase.com/company/zemanta (8-7-09) http://www.zemanta.com/ (8-12-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://www.zemanta.com/ (8-12-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "We have several in our portfolio like Adaptive Blue, Zemanta, Outside.in, Infongen, and one more we have not yet announced." http://groups.google.com/group/swnyc/browse_thread/thread/d1832233337dcb50 (8-18-09) (2) "There are already very useful applications out there using the Semantic web (e.g. Zemanta, yahoo search monkey etc.) and there are many more coming." http://semweb.meetup.com/32/messages/boards/thread/7274284 (8-25-09) (3) "Andraz Tori talked about Common tag, a small vocabulary that, for example, can be used when marking up texts with tags (something that engines like Zemanta or Open Calais do)." http://ivan-herman.name/2009/06/19/semtech2009-impression/ (8-25-09) Zepheira Zepheira is a leading global provider of services applying semantic technology and Web architecture to information integration challenges, especially to support collaboration and social computing. REFERENCES: http://zepheira.com/ (8-16-09) OFFICIAL SITE: http://zepheira.com/ (8-16-09) EXAMPLES OF USAGE: (1) "Ask Zepheira" "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 392) (2) "Last month we announced the initiation of our project to deliver a semantically-enabled environment as part of a joint effort with Zephiera." http://semanticuniverse.com/articles-real-semantic-business.html (8-24-09) (3) "I missed Zepheira’s presentation on freemix which is a shame, but, well, it happens." http://ivan-herman.name/2009/06/19/semtech2009-impression/ (8-25-09) -------------------- GENERALIZATION-BY-LIST (GBL) APPENDICES ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 1] SEMANTIC WEB LANGUAGES OIL DAML DAML+OIL DAML-S OWL RDF RDFS WSML WSDL-S SAWSDL REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web_Services (8-7-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAML-S (8-7-09) http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/people/ian.horrocks/Publications/download/2002/ieeede2002.pdf (8-7-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 2] ONTOLOGY EDITORS HOZO Protégé Semantic Turkey Swoop OBO-Edit Synaptica Knoodl TopBraid Composer NeOn Toolkit Java Ontology Editor (JOE) Model Futures OWL Editor Ontolingua Chimaera OntoEdit myWeb OilEd ScholOnto WebODE KAON KMgen LinKFactory Java-Based Commercial Ontology editor DOME CMapTools Transinsight Be Informed Suite REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_editor (8-7-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 3] TOP PEOPLE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SEMANTIC WEB Tim Berners-Lee Wendy Hall James Hendler Ora Lassila Jeffrey Pollock Nigel Shadbolt REFERENCES: http://logicerror.com/semanticWeb (8-7-09) http://www.amazon.com/Semantic-Web-Dummies-Computer-Tech/product-reviews/0470396792/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1 (8-9-09) "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. v) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOAF_(software) (8-29-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 4] SEMANTIC SEARCH ENGINES Dorothy.com Falcon Hakia Intellidimension Semantic Web Search Microsearch (Yahoo!) Powerset SearchMonkey (Yahoo!) Swoogle SWSE Watson REFERENCES: http://www.cmswire.com/cms/web-content/the-semantic-web-is-here-xml-calais-and-searchmonkey-002915.php#evt-never (8-7-09) http://www.cmswire.com/cms/search/-75-bleedingedge-search-engines-to-beat-google-002861.php (8-7-09) http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/dorthy_a_semantic_search_engine_for_dreams.php (8-22-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 5] VENDORS OF CLOUD COMPUTING Amazon Google Longjump Microsoft Salesforce WorkXpress Yahoo! Zoho REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloud_computing.jpg (8-7-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 6] EXAMPLES OF ONTOLOGIES ACM Topic Ontology SUMO SWRC REFERENCES: "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 196) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 7] KL-ONE FAMILY OF LANGUAGES KL-ONETalk Krypton KL-TWO NIKL KANDOR K-Rep BACK LOOM CLASSIC REFERENCES: http://books.google.com/books?id=PeKcIfLySL4C&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=KL-ONE+family+loom&source=bl&ots=q8occocnCO&sig=fI9CGviX34UMTGQtVLh3Sh8rBQA&hl=en&ei=_vp-StCeFo2uswP_3LTvCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#v=onepage&q=KL-ONE%20family%20loom&f=false (8-9-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 8] POPULAR/RECOMMENDED DRUPAL MODULES Bad Behavior Blockbar blockcache BUEditor Buddylist Chat CAPTCHA CCK CCK's Node reference and User reference CiviCRM codefilter Coder Content access content moderator Content Templates Control Panel db_maintenance Devel Ecommerce email page Event FCKeditor (WYSIWYG HTML editor) Feedback Five Star Front Page Gallery Global Redirect Google Analytics GuestBook htmlcorrector ImageCache Imagefield loginmenu Logintoboggan Nodequeue nodewords Page Title Panels 2 Pathauto Path redirect Printer Friendly Pages ReCAPTCHA Related links scheduler Simplenews Site map statistics_filter TinyMCE (WYSIWYG EDITOR) Token trackback_blackhole urlfilter Views Views bookmark Web File Manager (Webfm) Workflow_ng REFERENCES: http://www.nicklewis.org/node/766 (8-9-09) http://www.siteground.com/drupal_modules.htm (8-9-09) http://drupaltutorials.com/books/recommended-modules (8-11-09) http://www.dottedidesign.com/node/53 (8-11-09) http://highervisibilitywebsites.com/recommended-drupal-modules (8-11-09) http://www.neohide.com/top-5-drupal-6-modules (8-11-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 9] SUBLANGUAGES OF OWL OWL Lite OWL DL OWL DLP (unofficial) OWL Full REFERENCES: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/ (8-9-09) "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 133) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 10] XML QUERY LANGUAGES XML-QL XPath XQL XQuery REFERENCES: http://exmo.inrialpes.fr/teaching/sw/ (8-11-09) "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 47) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 11] AMP VARIATIONS LAMP = Linux, Apache, MySQL, and Perl/PHP/Python MAMP = Mac, Apache, MySQL, and Perl/PHP/Python SAMP = Solaris, Apache, MySQL, and Perl/PHP/Python WAMP = Windows, Apache, MySQL, and Perl/PHP/Python REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAMP (8-12-09) http://www.hackitlinux.com/50226711/lamp_mamp_wamp_now_samp.php (8-12-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 12] TRIPLESTORES 3store with MySQL 3 4store AllegroGraph BigOWLIM Bigdata(R) Garlik JXT Jena SDB Jena TDB Jena with PostgreSQL Kowari Mulgara Neurocommons OpenLink Virtuoso (Open-Source Edition) RDF gateway Sesame YARS2 REFERENCES: http://esw.w3.org/topic/LargeTripleStores (8-13-09) http://neurocommons.org/page/Triple_store (8-13-09) http://cloudofdata.com/2009/07/garlik-releases-open-source-rdf-triple-store-claims-capacity-for-60-billion-triples/ (8-13-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 13] OPEN SOURCE WCMS'S Alfresco dotCMS DotNetNuke Drupal Exponent CMS Joomla Magnolia MiaCMS MMBase MySource Matrix (Squiz) Plone Sensenet 6.0 TYPO3 WebGUI WordPress REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_content_management_system (8-13-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 14] KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Parature REFERENCES: http://www.parature.com/knowledge-management-systems.aspx (8-15-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 15] WEB PAGE BUILDING SOFTWARE AceHTML 6.6 Pro Adobe Dreamweaver CS4 Cool Page EasyWebEditor Microsoft Expression Web 2 Namo WebEditor v4.0 Trellian WebPage Web Page Maker REFERENCES: http://www.ehow.com/facts_4827091_web-page-building-software.html (8-15-09) http://www.3dize.com/ (8-15-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 16] SEMANTIC WEB CONFERENCES Asian Semantic Web Conference (ASWC) Conference on Social Semantic Web (CSSW) European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC) International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC) Semantic Techology Conference REFERENCES: http://www.aswc2009.org/ (8-21-09) http://aksw.org/SocialSemanticWebConference (8-21-09) http://www.eswc2009.org/ (8-21-09) http://iswc.semanticweb.org/ (8-21-09) http://www.semantic-conference.com/ (8-21-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 17] SEMANTIC WEB SPECIFICATIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS BY W3C The years of publication are shown in parentheses. GRDDL (2007) OWL (2004) RDF (1999, 2004) RFDa (not yet approved) SAWSDL (2007) SPARQL (2008) SWRL (not yet approved) REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 63) "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 330) "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 390) http://esw.w3.org/topic/SPARQL (8-24-09) http://xml.coverpages.org/owl.html (8-25-09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework (8-25-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 18] UNICODE FORMATS UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 REFERENCES: "Semantic Web for Dummies" (Jeffrey T. Pollock, 2009, p. 227) http://icu-project.org/docs/papers/forms_of_unicode/ (8-24-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 19] SGML APPLICATIONS HTML XML REFERENCES: "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 25) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 20] RDF QUERY LANGUAGES RQL SeRQL SPARQL REFERENCES: "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 105) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 21] EXPRESSIVE CAPABILITIES OF OWL THAT ARE LACKING IN RDFS local scope of properties disjointness of classes Boolean combination of classes cardinality restrictions special characteristics of properties transitive unique inverse symmetrical negation REFERENCES: "A Semantic Web Primer, Second Edition" (Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, 2008, p. 117) http://books.google.com/books?id=Y6rXz542yf8C&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=%22horn+logic%22+%22predicate+logic%22+subset&source=bl&ots=yXjI4AF1EX&sig=GdNsW5NI-gcjz-JvVY4uaH5q9r4&hl=en&ei=l-aZSvvlEYLysQO19aCXAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10#v=onepage&q=%22horn%20logic%22%20%22predicate%20logic%22%20subset&f=false (8-29-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 22] FOAF TAGS Class: foaf:Agent Class: foaf:Document Class: foaf:Group Class: foaf:Image Class: foaf:OnlineAccount Class: foaf:OnlineChatAccount Class: foaf:OnlineEcommerceAccount Class: foaf:OnlineGamingAccount Class: foaf:Organization Class: foaf:Person Class: foaf:PersonalProfileDocument Class: foaf:Project Property: foaf:accountName Property: foaf:accountServiceHomepage Property: foaf:aimChatID Property: foaf:based_near Property: foaf:birthday Property: foaf:currentProject Property: foaf:depiction Property: foaf:depicts Property: foaf:dnaChecksum Property: foaf:family_name Property: foaf:firstName Property: foaf:fundedBy Property: foaf:geekcode Property: foaf:gender Property: foaf:givenname Property: foaf:holdsAccount Property: foaf:homepage Property: foaf:icqChatID Property: foaf:img Property: foaf:interest Property: foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf Property: foaf:jabberID Property: foaf:knows Property: foaf:logo Property: foaf:made Property: foaf:maker Property: foaf:mbox Property: foaf:mbox_sha1sum Property: foaf:member Property: foaf:membershipClass Property: foaf:msnChatID Property: foaf:myersBriggs Property: foaf:name Property: foaf:nick Property: foaf:page Property: foaf:pastProject Property: foaf:phone Property: foaf:plan Property: foaf:primaryTopic Property: foaf:publications Property: foaf:schoolHomepage Property: foaf:sha1 Property: foaf:surname Property: foaf:theme Property: foaf:thumbnail Property: foaf:tipjar Property: foaf:title Property: foaf:topic Property: foaf:topic_interest Property: foaf:weblog Property: foaf:workInfoHomepage Property: foaf:workplaceHomepage Property: foaf:yahooChatID REFERENCES: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ (8-29-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 22] SUBSETS OF FOL THAT HAVE ADEQUATE PROOF SYSTEMS Description Logic OWL DL OWL Lite Horn logic REFERENCES: http://books.google.com/books?id=Y6rXz542yf8C&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=%22horn+logic%22+%22predicate+logic%22+subset&source=bl&ots=yXjI4AF1EX&sig=GdNsW5NI-gcjz-JvVY4uaH5q9r4&hl=en&ei=l-aZSvvlEYLysQO19aCXAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10#v=onepage&q=%22horn%20logic%22%20%22predicate%20logic%22%20subset&f=false (8-29-09) ---------- [GBL APPENDIX 22] SEMANTIC WEB RULE LANGUAGES RuleML SWRL SWSL WSML REFERENCES: http://books.google.com/books?id=Y6rXz542yf8C&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=%22horn+logic%22+%22predicate+logic%22+subset&source=bl&ots=yXjI4AF1EX&sig=GdNsW5NI-gcjz-JvVY4uaH5q9r4&hl=en&ei=l-aZSvvlEYLysQO19aCXAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10#v=onepage&q=%22horn%20logic%22%20%22predicate%20logic%22%20subset&f=false (8-29-09)